Advances are prolonging the lives of people with this once-fatal illness
HealthDay
Sunday, February 4, 2007
SUNDAY, Feb. 4 (HealthDay News) -- Aplastic anemia, a disease of the bone marrow, is a rare disorder in the United States. Only three of every 1 million Americans will be diagnosed with the condition this year, the National Marrow Donor Program reports.
Despite that rarity, this once-fatal disease has become far more treatable as physicians have honed in on practices that can prolong life and ease suffering.
And the effects of that research extend far beyond sufferers of aplastic anemia or other related bone marrow diseases. Insights gained from these diseases are also helping scientists learn about more prevalent health problems, such as heart disease or leukemia, researchers say.
Aplastic anemia occurs when bone marrow stops producing enough blood cells, said Katherine Baer, a patient information specialist for the Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation Inc. Only about 1,000 new cases appear each year in the United States.
A related blood disorder, myelodysplastic syndromes, or MDS, occurs when the bone marrow begins producing poorly functioning or immature blood cells. About 20,000 to 30,000 new cases occur each year.
Doctors still aren't certain exactly what causes the diseases' onset, Baer said.
"They do think it can be caused; there are some toxins that may cause it, like benzene," Baer said. "But at least half the cases are of unknown cause." She added that radiation treatments for other diseases are another suspected cause.
The effects of aplastic anemia and MDS vary, depending on the type of blood cells lacking in the body, Baer said.
Red blood cells carry oxygen, and a shortage of those will cause fatigue and shortness of breath. White blood cells fight infection, so when the body lacks those cells, it is more likely to catch infectious diseases. Platelets cause clotting, and without those, people experience nosebleeds, bleeding gums and extended bleeding from cuts.
These diseases used to be killers, fatal within a year, said Dr. Richard Stone, clinical director of the Adult Leukemia Program at Harvard University's Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and an associate professor at Harvard Medical School.
"Now, people can be expected to live a long time in many cases," Stone said. "It's devastating if untreated but quite approachable if treated."
Baer and Stone said that while no breakthrough treatments have been developed, the available therapies are at the point where people can live with the disorders.
Most people with aplastic anemia will require multiple blood transfusions, which relieve symptoms by providing blood cells that the bone marrow isn't producing, Baer said. Symptoms also can be managed with immunosuppressive drugs similar to those used in AIDS treatment. The drugs suppress the activity of immune cells that are damaging bone marrow, helping the marrow recover and generate new blood cells, she said.
Antibiotics can be used to effectively fight off infections that take advantage of the disorder. And for a longer-term therapy -- or for people with severe aplastic anemia -- bone marrow transplantation is an option, but a limited one due to the difficulty involved in finding a matching donor.
Experimental treatments now being tested include growth factor drugs that may help stimulate the bone marrow to produce new blood cells; male hormones that also might boost blood cell production; and peripheral stem cell transplants. In that procedure, stem cells are taken from the blood of a donor, rather than from their own bone marrow, and transplanted into the patient, according to the Mayo Clinic.
"Twenty, 30 years ago, it [aplastic anemia] was fatal," Baer said. "Now, between the different treatments, 70 to 90 percent can live a long life. You have to continue to monitor your blood counts, and you are on some medication long-term."
Since these diseases involve damage to stem cells, research in this area could provide much insight into the potential of stem cells for treating other types of diseases. Stem cells have attracted much research focus due to their potential regenerative powers and ability to transform themselves into a host of different cells.
Bone marrow stem cells are the most primitive cells in the marrow, and from them, all the various types of blood cells are descended. Research also has shown that stem cells from bone marrow can give rise to non-marrow cells, which has led to federal funding to look into their usefulness in treating heart disease.
"It's very important to understand as much as possible about the bone marrow stem cell," Stone said. "What keeps it going, what causes it to become malignant? The more we understand about those things, the more we'll know about potential uses of stem cells."
>
再生障碍性贫血：不再是不治之症。
患有曾一度被视为不治之症的人，寿命正在不断延长。
《每日健康》
2007年2月4日，星期日
据《每日健康》2007年2月4日新闻报道---再生障碍性贫血（再障），是一种骨髓造血功能紊乱的疾病，在美国非常罕见，据全国骨髓捐献者计划报道，其发病率仅百万分之三。
尽管再障极少见，但却是致命的，不过当今医疗技术已大大提高，这种疾病的治疗情况已大为改善，患者生存时间明显延长，症状亦可明显缓解。
有学者指出，深入的研究不仅有助于再障及其它骨髓疾病的治疗，对于这种疾病的理解还有助于提高科学家对心脏疾病及白血病等常见病的认识。
再障是指骨髓不能产生足够的血细胞，再生障碍性贫血患者情报及MDS国际基金的专家Katherine Baer说，目前在全美国新发病倒仅1000例/年。
骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS），是与再障相关的另一种血液病，是指骨髓几乎不能产生成熟的血细胞，甚至幼稚细胞，这种疾病年发病约20000-30000例。
Baer说这两种疾病的病因目前尚未完全明确。“
只有部分情况下病因是明确的，像苯这类有毒性的化学物质就可以诱发血液病，”Baer说，“但至少一半以上的病人的发病病因是未知的。”她还指出，医疗性放射线也是一个不容忽视的因素。再障及MDS的临床症状个人差异极大，很大程度上取决于到底是哪一系的血细胞形成障碍。
红细胞有携带氧气的功能，缺乏红细胞会出现乏力、呼吸短促的症状；白细胞的功能主要是抗感染，白细胞缺乏临床上就表现为易感染；而血小板的功能是凝血、止血，血小板低的病人常会有鼻衄、消化道出血及伤口出血不止等症状。
在以往，确诊再障及MDS的病人的生存时间不足1年，Richard Stone医生说，他是Harvard大学Dana-Farbe肿瘤研究院成人白血病临床治疗负责人，也Harvard大学医学院的一名副教授。“现在，许多病人的期望生存时间都明显延长了，”Stone医生说，“（再障及MDS）如果不予治疗，后果是不堪设想的；但只要给予积极治疗，预后是良好的。”
Baer和 Stone都认为，虽然（再障及MDS）临床治疗上没有大的突破，但目前的治疗措施足以保证患者达到无病生存的状态。再障患者的骨髓不能产生血细胞，但通过输血可以必需的血细胞，从而可以缓解症状，Baer解析。治疗艾滋病的一些免疫抑制剂也可用于治疗再障，这些药物可抑制对骨髓细胞有杀伤力的免疫细胞的活性，从而有助于骨髓造血功能的恢复，进而达到治疗目的。
抗生素抗感染的疗效是明确的，一旦出现疾病（再障及MDS）本身继发的感染应及时使用抗生素。对于重型再障，可考虑采用根治性的治疗方案—骨髓移植，但因其要求必须找到相匹配的供者，故其应用受到严重限制。
现正在进行试验的新治疗方法有：用生长因子刺激骨髓产生血细胞；用雄激素刺激骨髓产生血细胞；外周血干细胞移植。Mayo Clinic说，外周血造血干细胞移植所用的造血干细胞是从供者外周血采得，而不是从骨髓采得。
“二三十年前，再障是一种非常致命的疾病，”Baer说，“现在，由于各种治疗方案的使用，有70-90%的病人可以获得长期存活，而病人需要做的仅是持续监测自己的血细胞计数及长期服药。”
由于疾病（再障及MDS）的发生涉及造血干细胞的损伤，因此相关领域的研究将会为干细胞治疗在其它疾病的应用提供思路。因干细胞可以自我复制及分化为各种不同的细胞，干细胞相关研究吸引了越来越多科学家的关注。
骨髓干细胞是骨髓里最原始的细胞，各系血细胞都由其分化而来。研究还发现，骨髓干细胞还可能产生非骨髓细胞，联邦基金会正计划资助相关研究，以探讨其在心脏病治疗的应用。
“全面地认识骨髓干细胞意义重大，”Stone说，“是什么因素使造血干细胞能够维持正常的自身复制，又是什么原因使之恶变，对其中的机制认识得越透彻，干细胞潜能的开发就越全面。”[/color][color=Red]
最后这一句还要请教各位战友:
"What keeps it going, what causes it to become malignant? The more we understand about those things, the more we'll know about potential uses of stem cells."
谢谢啦,多多提供自己的意见!!
Good！
a patient information specialist for the Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation Inc 再生障碍性贫血患者情报及MDS国际基金的专家
a patient information specialist for the International Foundation for Aplastic Anemia and MDS
bleeding gums 消化道出血
gum [简明英汉词典] n.齿龈, 树脂, 橡胶, 橡胶树, 口香糖, 香口胶, 泡泡糖
people can live with the disorders 无病生存的状态
Really？
Antibiotics can be used to effectively fight off infections that take advantage of the disorder. 抗生素是鼓励应用的，因其抗感染的疗效是明确的。
infections that take advantage of the disorder（Where is it？）
peripheral stem cell transplantation
A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given to the patient after treatment. This helps the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic (blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells donated by an identical twin). Also called peripheral stem cell support.
How are PBSCs obtained for transplantation?
The stem cells used in PBSCT come from the bloodstream. A process called apheresis or leukapheresis is used to obtain PBSCs for transplantation. For 4 or 5 days before apheresis, the donor may be given a medication to increase the number of stem cells released into the bloodstream. In apheresis, blood is removed through a large vein in the arm or a central venous catheter (a flexible tube that is placed in a large vein in the neck, chest, or groin area). The blood goes through a machine that removes the stem cells. The blood is then returned to the donor and the collected cells are stored. Apheresis typically takes 4 to 6 hours. The stem cells are then frozen until they are given to the recipient.
apheresis：A procedure in which blood is collected, part of the blood such as platelets or white blood cells is taken out, and the rest of the blood is returned to the donor. Also called pheresis.
leukapheresis：Removal of the blood to collect specific blood cells; the remaining blood is returned to the body.
Are any risks associated with donating PBSCs?
Apheresis usually causes minimal discomfort. During apheresis, the person may feel lightheadedness, chills, numbness around the lips, and cramping in the hands. Unlike bone marrow donation, PBSC donation does not require anesthesia. The medication that is given to stimulate the release of stem cells from the marrow into the bloodstream may cause bone and muscle aches, headaches, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and/or difficulty sleeping. These side effects generally stop within 2 to 3 days of the last dose of the medication.
翻译得很专业，语句也很通顺。以下为小小建议，仅供参考。
1. Advances are prolonging the lives of people with this once-fatal illness
昔日不治之症的生存时间已大大延长。
试译：患有曾一度被视为不治之症的人，寿命正在不断延长
2. HealthDay
《健康之日》
试译：《每日健康》
3. 爱滋病：艾滋病
4. 编译：据《每日健康》2007年2月4日新闻报道，...
people can live with the disorders
我觉得写成“带病生存”或“无病生存”都可以吧，还烦请各位战友多多发表意见！！
谢谢yooki老师及 沙漠梭梭版主的支持！！！
谢谢yooki老师及 沙漠梭梭版主点评！！
Why do they live longer than before?
The answer is advances in...
无病还需用药吗？
You have to continue to monitor your blood counts, and you are on some medication long-term.
“无病生存”及“带病生存”里应该是指症状之类的意思，
因为对于再障、MDS这类的血液病，我们一般都是给予
对症治疗如输血、GSF、免疫抑制剂等，一般的病人
的效果都会比较好的，症状大都会缓解，所以说是“无病生存”，
但这种治疗是非根治性，本身这种疾病没有“痊愈”，但只要
改善症状，患者的生活质量会大大提高-----几乎跟正常人没有两样，
而且症状控制得好的话，病人的生存时间也是令人满意的。
个人觉得，这种病能获得这种状态也很理想啦。
其它的疾病如哮喘、糖尿病等我个人也认为能达到“带病生存”也不错啦。
回一个，望赐教
Aplastic Anemia: A Rare Disease With a Better Prognosis
再生障碍性贫血：一种具有较好预后的少见疾病
Advances are prolonging the lives of people with this once-fatal illness
患有这种曾经是致命性疾病的病人的生命正在延长
HealthDay健康日
Sunday, February 4, 2007
2007-2-7，星期日
SUNDAY, Feb. 4 (HealthDay News) -- Aplastic anemia, a disease of the bone marrow, is a rare disorder in the United States. Only three of every 1 million Americans will be diagnosed with the condition this year, the National Marrow Donor Program reports.
星期日，2月4日（健康日 新闻）--再生障碍性贫血，在美国是一种很少见的骨髓性疾病。据美国国立骨髓捐助规划组报道：美国每年该病的诊断率为百万分之三。
Despite that rarity, this once-fatal disease has become far more treatable as physicians have honed in on practices that can prolong life and ease suffering.
这种曾经是致命性的疾病尽管发病率很低，现在医生在临床实践中已经有很多的治疗方案来延长病人生命和减缓病痛。
And the effects of that research extend far beyond sufferers of aplastic anemia or other related bone marrow diseases. Insights gained from these diseases are also helping scientists learn about more prevalent health problems, such as heart disease or leukemia, researchers say.
研究人员称：这些研究的结果不仅仅局限在再障或其他骨髓相关性疾病。从这些疾病中获得感悟正帮助科学家解决诸如心脏疾病，白血病等常见的疾病问题。
Aplastic anemia occurs when bone marrow stops producing enough blood cells, said Katherine Baer, a patient information specialist for the Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation Inc. Only about 1,000 new cases appear each year in the United States.
为再生障碍性贫血和MDS国际基金会工作的病人信息方面的专家Katherine Baer说，再障是由于骨髓不能产生足够的血细胞。美国每年仅有1000例新发病例。
A related blood disorder, myelodysplastic syndromes, or MDS, occurs when the bone marrow begins producing poorly functioning or immature blood cells. About 20,000 to 30,000 new cases occur each year.
骨髓增生异常综合症（MDS）也是一种血液相关的疾病，是由于骨髓产生非成熟或无功能的血细胞。美国每年新发病例大约为20000-30000。
Doctors still aren't certain exactly what causes the diseases' onset, Baer said.
"They do think it can be caused; there are some toxins that may cause it, like benzene," Baer said. "But at least half the cases are of unknown cause." She added that radiation treatments for other diseases are another suspected cause.
Baer说，医生一直不能确切的断定本病的病因。她说：“医生可以确定本病病因为某些毒性化合物如苯，但是有一半的病例病因未明”她补充道，放射治疗其他疾病是另一种可能的病因。
The effects of aplastic anemia and MDS vary, depending on the type of blood cells lacking in the body, Baer said.
Baer说，再生障碍性贫血和MDS的对身体的影响取决于体内缺乏的血细胞种类。
Red blood cells carry oxygen, and a shortage of those will cause fatigue and shortness of breath. White blood cells fight infection, so when the body lacks those cells, it is more likely to catch infectious diseases. Platelets cause clotting, and without those, people experience nosebleeds, bleeding gums and extended bleeding from cuts.
红细胞具有携氧功能，红细胞缺乏会引起呼吸急促和疲乏。白细胞具有抗感染功能，所以当体内缺乏白细胞时，机体更易感染。血小板具有凝血功能，缺乏血小板会引起鼻出血，牙龈出血和伤口出血不止。
These diseases used to be killers, fatal within a year, said Dr. Richard Stone, clinical director of the Adult Leukemia Program at Harvard University's Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and an associate professor at Harvard Medical School.
哈佛大学Dana-Farbe癌症机构成人白血病规划组临床主任兼哈佛医学院教授Richard Stone博士 说，这些疾病一年内常会导致病人死亡
"Now, people can be expected to live a long time in many cases," Stone said. "It's devastating if untreated but quite approachable if treated."
Stone说：“现在，许多病人都渴望能够生存的更久，但是通过治疗的确可以生存的更久，而不治疗病情将很快恶化。
Baer and Stone said that while no breakthrough treatments have been developed, the available therapies are at the point where people can live with the disorders.
Baer and Stone说，目前还没有根治的突破性进展，有效地治疗也就是病人带病生存
Most people with aplastic anemia will require multiple blood transfusions, which relieve symptoms by providing blood cells that the bone marrow isn't producing, Baer said. Symptoms also can be managed with immunosuppressive drugs similar to those used in AIDS treatment. The drugs suppress the activity of immune cells that are damaging bone marrow, helping the marrow recover and generate new blood cells, she said.
Baer说，大部分再障病人需要多次输血来提供骨髓不能产生的血细胞来缓解症状。也能够用治疗AIDS相似的免疫抑制药物来控制症状，这些免疫抑制剂能够抑制免疫细胞对骨髓的损害，帮助骨髓恢复和产生新的血细胞。
Antibiotics can be used to effectively fight off infections that take advantage of the disorder. And for a longer-term therapy -- or for people with severe aplastic anemia -- bone marrow transplantation is an option, but a limited one due to the difficulty involved in finding a matching donor.
抗生素能够有效地控制感染，骨髓移植对于需要长期治疗和重型再障的病人是一个很好的选择，但是由于很难找到合适的配型供体而限制了其应用。
Experimental treatments now being tested include growth factor drugs that may help stimulate the bone marrow to produce new blood cells; male hormones that also might boost blood cell production; and peripheral stem cell transplants. In that procedure, stem cells are taken from the blood of a donor, rather than from their own bone marrow, and transplanted into the patient, according to the Mayo Clinic.
试验性治疗包括生长因子可以刺激骨髓产生新的血细胞，雄性激素也可以刺激造血，Mayo Clinic曾经采用外周血干细胞移植，即干细胞取自供者的血液而不是骨髓。
"Twenty, 30 years ago, it [aplastic anemia] was fatal," Baer said. "Now, between the different treatments, 70 to 90 percent can live a long life. You have to continue to monitor your blood counts, and you are on some medication long-term."
“20-30年前，再障性贫血还是致命性的”，Baer 说，“现在，在不同的治疗方案中，70-90%的病人能有更长久的生存期，但是病人必须定期复查血象，长期进行一些必要的治疗”
Since these diseases involve damage to stem cells, research in this area could provide much insight into the potential of stem cells for treating other types of diseases. Stem cells have attracted much research focus due to their potential regenerative powers and ability to transform themselves into a host of different cells.
由于本病损害干细胞，在这个领域的研究能提供更多用干细胞治疗其他疾病的可能。由于干细胞的自我增殖和多向分化的能力已经引起了更多的研究在这个领域。
Bone marrow stem cells are the most primitive cells in the marrow, and from them, all the various types of blood cells are descended. Research also has shown that stem cells from bone marrow can give rise to non-marrow cells, which has led to federal funding to look into their usefulness in treating heart disease.
骨髓干细胞是骨髓中最多的原始细胞，能够转化为各种血细胞，研究表明骨髓干细胞能产生非髓系细胞，联邦基金已经开始用于其对心脏病的研究。
"It's very important to understand as much as possible about the bone marrow stem cell," Stone said. "What keeps it going, what causes it to become malignant? The more we understand about those things, the more we'll know about potential uses of stem cells."
Stone博士说：“尽可能的了解骨髓干细胞很重要，是什么使它自我增殖和分化，是什么又使它转化恶性？我们对这些明白的越多，我们越能够知道如何去更好的利用干细胞。
The effects of aplastic anemia and MDS vary, depending on the type of blood cells lacking in the body, Baer said.
再障及MDS的临床症状个人差异极大，很大程度上取决于到底是哪一系的血细胞形成障碍。
个体差异
These diseases used to be killers, fatal within a year
在以往，确诊再障及MDS的病人的生存时间不足1年，
再障和MDS在过去常被认为是“杀手”，患者的生存时间不到1年。
Baer and Stone said that while no breakthrough treatments have been developed, the available therapies are at the point where people can live with the disorders.
Baer和 Stone都认为，虽然（再障及MDS）临床治疗上没有大的突破，但目前的治疗措施足以保证患者达到无病生存的状态。
试译：Baer和 Stone都认为，虽然再障及MDS的治疗没有突破性进展，但目前的治疗措施足以延长患者的生存时间。
And for a longer-term therapy -- or for people with severe aplastic anemia -- bone marrow transplantation is an option, but a limited one due to the difficulty involved in finding a matching donor.
对于重型再障，可考虑采用根治性的治疗方案—骨髓移植，但因其要求必须找到相匹配的供者，故其应用受到严重限制。
but a limited one due to the difficulty involved in finding a matching donor.
但由于难以找到相匹配的供体，故其应用受到限制。
radiation treatments for other diseases are another suspected cause.
医疗性放射线也是一个不容忽视的因素。
针对其他疾病的放射治疗是另一个可能原因。
papertigerhu老师的翻译更加忠于原文,但又不拘泥于原文,语句更加流畅,又简洁!!
我把几个人的翻译都放在一起比较,方便战友学习.
谢谢papertigerhu及蓝色幻想老师的点评!!
1、is a rare disorder in the United States. 在美国非常罕见
其实在临床再障并非罕见疾病，译为少见是否更妥当
2、 and you are on some medication long-term."长期服药。”
我认为译为“长期进行一些必要的治疗”。不一定服药治疗，比如输血对症治疗
3、stem cells from bone marrow can give rise to non-marrow cells, which has led to federal funding to look into their usefulness in treating heart disease.骨髓干细胞还可能产生非骨髓细胞，
我认为译为“非髓系细胞”比较好
呵呵，粗浅之见。希望自己能不断进步。
个人见解，仅供参考：
A Rare Disease With a Better Prognosis
一种具有较好预后的少见疾病
一种预后较好的少见疾病
Advances are prolonging the lives of people with this once-fatal illness
患有这种曾经是致命性疾病的病人的生命正在延长
这种疾病曾是绝症。但是随着医学的发展，该病患者的寿命不断地延长。
Aplastic anemia, a disease of the bone marrow, is a rare disorder in the United States.
再生障碍性贫血，在美国是一种很少见的骨髓性疾病。
再生障碍性贫血，是一种在美国较少见的骨髓疾病。
Despite that rarity, this once-fatal disease has become far more treatable as physicians have honed in on practices that can prolong life and ease suffering.
这种曾经是致命性的疾病尽管发病率很低，现在医生在临床实践中已经有很多的治疗方案来延长病人生命和减缓病痛。
这种曾经的绝症尽管少见，然而现在医生们在临床实践中已经有越来越多的治疗方案可以延长患者的生命或者缓解患者的病痛了。
Insights gained from these diseases are also helping scientists learn about more prevalent health problems, such as heart disease or leukemia
从这些疾病中获得感悟正帮助科学家解决诸如心脏疾病，白血病等常见的疾病问题。
通过研究这些疾病所得到的新见解也有助于科学家弄清心脏病、白血病等更常见的疾病。
A related blood disorder, myelodysplastic syndromes, or MDS, occurs when the bone marrow begins producing poorly functioning or immature blood cells. About 20,000 to 30,000 new cases occur each year.
骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS），是与再障相关的另一种血液病，是指骨髓几乎不能产生成熟的血细胞，甚至幼稚细胞，这种疾病年发病约20000-30000例。
与此有关的另一种血液病骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）是由于骨髓产生功能不良或者不成熟的血细胞。美国每年新发病例大约20000－30000例。
"They do think it can be caused; there are some toxins that may cause it, like benzene," Baer said. "But at least half the cases are of unknown cause." She added that radiation treatments for other diseases are another suspected cause.
Baer说，医生一直不能确切的断定本病的病因。她说：“医生可以确定本病病因为某些毒性化合物如苯，但是有一半的病例病因未明”她补充道，放射治疗其他疾病是另一种可能的病因。
Baer说，“医生们的确相信病因的存在，比如苯等一些有毒物质，但是至少仍有半数病例病因未明”她补充道，对于其他疾病的放疗是另一种可能的病因。