庆祝上市 全新改版

【交流】临床常用英语(不断更新中)

最近临床上经常遇到一些外国病人,老板看到了往往先让我们去和老外交流,初步检查诊断。遇到这种情况往往有点不自在,虽然英语学了那么多年,可是你也 知道咱国人的 口语水平也就那么一回事,尤其是一些专业方面的东西不晓得如何真确表达,影响了检查与诊断。
不过想想其实也就那么些套路和 常用句型,多看多背一样很快能提高临床口语,下次遇到老外病人就不会尽是恩恩啊啊了。我先贴一些口腔临床常用的语句,每个科其实都有很大的不同,希望大家积极跟贴,写出你们给老外看病时的常用句型或经验,最后一起汇总!

He has pain in his teeth or jaw. (他的牙齒和下巴疼痛。)
He has some problems with his teeth. (他牙齒有問題。)
The tooth hurts only when he bites down on it. (他咬東西時,牙齒就痛。)
His gums are red and swollen. (他的牙床紅腫。)
His tongue is red and sore all over. (他的舌頭到處紅和痛。)
His breath smells bad and he has a foul taste in his mouth. (他口裡有怪味。)
His gums do bleed. (他牙床有出血。)
He has some sore swellings on his gum or jaw. (他的牙床和下巴腫痛。)
He has sore places on or around the lip. (他的嘴唇和周圍都很痛。)
There are cracks at the corners of his mouth. (他的嘴巴角落破了。)
There are some discolored areas inside on his tongue. (他舌頭裡邊有些地方顏色怪怪的。)

My tooth is aching again.(我的牙又疼了。)
One of my teeth is trouble me.(我有一颗牙疼。)
I have got anawful toothach .It kept me awake the whole night.(我得牙很疼,整晚都睡不着觉。)
One of my incisors is loose and aching.(我的一颗门牙松动而且疼。)
This tooth on the lower jaw is sensitive to heat and hot.(下颌的这颗牙对冷热很敏感。)
I think one of the back ones at the top is giving most of trouble.(我觉得上排有一个后牙疼的最厉害。)
I suffer pain when my teeth are exposed to heat.(我的牙碰到热时感到疼痛。)
There are several painful spots in my mouth,and salty and sour things make it sting.(我嘴里有几块地方疼,咸的和酸的都蜇着疼。)
I have a burning and thickening sensation in my mouth.(我嘴里有灼热和增厚的感觉。)
不错,楼主辛苦了!

楼主是口腔科医生吧?有没有其他科的英文啊?可以每次发一个科的

我有时间也会帮助你的~
"疼痛"小结:

burning pain 灼痛 bursting pain 胀痛
chest pain 胸痛 colicky/gripping pain 绞痛
dragging pain 牵引痛 dull pain 钝痛
hunger pain 饥饿痛 night pain 夜间痛
postprandial pain 餐后痛 radiating pain 放射痛
root pain 神经根痛 stabbing/sharp pain 刺痛
wandering pain 游走痛 labour pain 分娩痛
severe/acute/great pain 剧痛
1. What can do for you?
你有什么事?
2.May I help you?
我能帮你什么忙?
8.Please take a seat!
please sit down!
请坐下.
4.Wait a moment, please.
请等一等.
5.Sorry to have kept you waiting.
对不起让你久等了.
6.It is not serious.
病情不严重.
7.Don't worry.
There is nothing to worry about.
不必顾虑。
8.You need a thorough examination.
你需要做一个全面检查.
9.You will have to stay in hospital for sevral days.
你需要在医院里住几夭.
We think that you had better be hospitalized
我们认为你最好住进医院来。
10. You should stay in bed for a few days.
你需要卧床几天.
11. You can keep on working.
You can carry on with your work.
可以继续工作。
12. You should be very careful for a week or two
这一两周内,你需要很注意。
13. Try to relax and keep calm.
尽量放松保持镇静。
14. You'll soon be all right.
你很快就会好起来的.
15. 1'm sure this medicine will help you a great deal.
这药对你肯定会很有效的.
16. Feeling well again is a rather slow process,I'm afraid.
恐怕痊愈将是一个很慢的过程.
17. You will have to wait for twenty minutes.
你需要等20分钟.
18.Complete recovery will take a rather long time.
彻底恢复需要一段很长的时间。
19. You will have to come here for periodical check-ups.
你需要定期来门诊检查.
20. If you feel worse, please come back to the clinic right away.
要是你觉着病加重了,就请马上来门诊。

呵呵。。。我也来参与,大家努力哦。。。。
flyknife_lee wrote:
不错,楼主辛苦了!

楼主是口腔科医生吧?有没有其他科的英文啊?可以每次发一个科的

我有时间也会帮助你的~

我本来发的是口腔临床常用英语,斑竹为了扩大交流层面,建议我不只限制口腔范围!
其实每个科的差别很大,大家还是总结一些比较有共性的语句吧!楼上的就很好!
这本书也不错

(缩略图,点击图片链接看原图)
支持楼主!!!!

总结一下询问健康状况的方法(虽然比较简单,但是可以使大家工作中口语不那么呆板~):
1.How are you,sir?
2.Are you all right,madam?
3.How are you feeling now,madam?
4.What seems to be your problem,sir?
5.What seems to be wrong/the matter with you?
6.Is there anything wrong with you?
7.What's happened to you?
8.What's your complaint?
9.What's up?
10.What are you suffering from?
11.How is your son doing?
12.Are you having any discomfort?
13.What seems to be your trouble?/What's troubling you?
14.What hurt you?
15.What ails you?
16.How are you keeping?

斑竹看下还能再加一分吗?呵呵
多谢指教~
大家继续ya!
lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll临床篇 llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

注明:这些词汇非我原作,可以说是长期在网上积累的资料!
楼主的帖子很不错!也在此借用搂主的帖子贡献一点资源吧!
望大家不断的补充才是!
======================================================




126条医学、护理术语'

1 Introduction to Trauma Care 创伤护理导论
2 Patterns of Blunt Injury 钝器损伤的类型
3 Mechanisms of Injury/Penetrating Trauma 损伤发病机制/穿透性创伤
4 The Physiologic Response to Injury 对损伤的生理学反应
5 Shock 休克
6 Measurements of Injury Severity 损伤严重程度的测定
7 Prehospital Triage 送医院前伤员分类
8 Prehospital Therapy 送医院前的治疗
9 Field Teams:Composition,Direction, and Communication with the Trauma Center 现场救护队:组成,指导,与创伤中心的联系
10 Air Medical and Interhospital Transport 空中医疗和医院间转运
11 Trauma Team Activation 创伤救护队的活动
12 Organization prior to Trauma Patient Arrival 创伤病人到达前的组织
13 Adult Trauma Resuscitation 成人创伤复苏
14 Airway Management in the Trauma Patient 创伤病人的气道处理
15 Vascular Access 血管穿刺
16 Imaging of Trauma Patients 创伤病人的影像
17 Documentation,Coding and Compliance,and EMTALA 文件,法规,依据和EMTALA
18 Operating Room Practice 手术室常现
19 Head Injury 头损伤
20 Injuries to the Spinal Cord and Spinal Column 脊髓和脊柱损伤
21 Soft Tissue Wounds of the Face 面部软组织伤
22 Bony Oral-Maxillofacial Injuries 口一上颌面骨损伤
23 Ophthalmic Injuries 眼损伤
24 Penetrating Neck Injury 穿透性颈损伤
25 Blunt Neck Injury 颈部钝器损伤
26 Thoracic Injury 胸部损伤
26 Thoracic Vascular Injury 胸部血管损伤
27 Abdominal Injury 腹部损伤
28 Abdominal Vascular Injury 腹部血管损伤
29 Damage Control 损伤的控制
30 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome 腹部隔室综合征
31 Genitourinary Injuries 泌尿生殖系统损伤
32 Orthopedic Injuries 矫形外科损伤
33 Pelvic Fractures 骨盆骨折
34 Hand Trauma 手创伤
35 Compartment Syndrome and Rhabdomyolysis 隔室综合征和横纹肌溶解
36 Peripheral Vascular Injuries 周围血管损伤
37 Soft-Tissue Trauma 软组织创伤
38 Priorities in the ICU Care of the Adult Trauma Patient 在ICU护理的成人创伤病人的优先项目 39 Commonly Missed Injuries and Pitfalls 常遗漏的损伤和易犯的错误
40 Anesthesia for the Trauma Patient 创伤病人的麻醉
41 Trauma Pain Management 创伤疼痛的处理
42 Hypothermia, Cold Injury, and Drowning 低温、冷损伤和淹溺
43 Blood Transfusion and Complications 输血和并发症
44 Nutrition/Metabolism in the Trauma Patient 创伤病人的营养/代谢
45 Support of the Organ Donor 器官供体的保养
46 Burns/Inhalation 烧伤/吸入
47 Pediatric Trauma 儿科创伤
48 Care of the Pregnant Trauma Patient 妊娠创伤病人的护理
49 Geriatric Trauma 老年人创伤
50 Rehabilitation 康复
51 Venous Thromboembolism 静脉血栓栓塞
52 Injury Prevention 损伤的预防
53 House Staff Responsibilities 住院医师的责任
54 Legal, Ethical and Family Issues 法律、伦理道德和家庭问题
55 Miscellaneous Procedures 各种其它操作程序
56 oral health education activity口腔健康教育活动
57 Oral Health Education Unit [Department of Health]口腔健康教育组
58 oral poliomyelitis trivalent 脊灰口服剂
59 oral toilet 口腔料理
60 oral-maxillofacial surgery and dental unit口腔颌面外科及牙科部
61 outbreak高峰期;发作;流行
62 outbreak control疫症控制;暴病控制
63 outcome management project 医疗成效管理计划
64 out-of-pocket expenditure by the user服务使用者自付
65 out-patient appointment system门诊病人预约制度
66 out-patient clinic门诊诊疗所
67 out-patient clinical operations support system门诊临床运作支持系统
68 out-patient consultation service门诊服务
69 out-patient department门诊部
70 out-patient registration system门诊病人登记制度
71 outreach community care programme外展小区护理计划
72 outreach health care team外展医护队
73 outreach medical team外展医疗队
74 outreach specialist medical team外展专科医疗队
75 outside appointment book出外就医册
76 ordinary diet普通膳食
77 organ donation器官捐赠
78 Organ Donation Card器官捐赠证
79 Organ Donation Centre器官捐赠中心
80 organ donation form 器官捐赠表格
81 Organ Donation Register [Hong Kong Medical Association] 器官捐赠册
82 organ donor 器官捐赠人
83 organ imaging器官造影
84 organ pledge 承诺捐出的器官数目
85 organ recipient器官受赠人
86 organ transplant器官移植
87 organic psychosis器质性精神病
88 organoleptic inspection感官检查
89 overall incidence总发病率
90 overflow ward暂时收容病房;后备病房
91 overnight room夜间当值室
92 over-sensitivity过敏
93 ovulation排卵
94 ovulation cycle排卵周期
95 ovulation method安全期避孕法
96 on-call duty doctor候召当值医生
97 oncology肿瘤学;肿瘤科
98 one-way referral单向转介
99 onset of labour分娩阵痛发作
100 onset of symptom症状发作
101 on-site triage treatment现场分流治疗
102 occupational disease职业病
103 occupational health 职业健康
104 occupational health nurse职业健康护士
105 Occupational Health Officer 职业健康科医生
106 Occupational Hygienist职业环境?生师
107 occupational mortality职业性死亡率
108 occupational neurosis职业性神经病
109 occupational therapist职业治疗师
110 Occupational Therapists Board职业治疗师管理委员会
111 occupational therapy assessment room职业治疗评估室
112 Occupational Therapy Assistant职业治疗助理员
113 ochlophobia 众恐惧
114 ocular pathology眼科病理学
115 ocular prosthesis假眼
116 optimal health理想的健康状况
117 optimum occupancy rate [hospital bed]最适度病?住用率
118 optometric assessment视力测验
119 Operations and Training Division [Auxiliary Medical Service Headquarters]行动及训练部〔医疗辅助队总部〕
120 Operations and Training Officer [Auxiliary Medical Service] 行动及训练主任〔医疗辅助队〕
121 Operations Section [Auxiliary Medical Service Headquarters] 行动组〔医疗辅助队总部〕
123 Operations Wing [Auxiliary Medical Service volunteer structure]行动翼〔医疗辅助队志愿架构〕
124 operative treatment 施手术
125 oral health care口腔健康护理;口腔卫生服务
126 oral health clinic口腔卫生诊疗所

=================================================================

128个护理诊断

NANDA通过的以人类反应型态(Human ResPonse Patterns)的分类方法。现将人类
反应型态分类方法的128个护理诊断分列如下:

(1)交换(Exchanging)
营养失调:高于机体需要量(Altered Nutrition:More Than Body Requirements)
营养失调:低于机体需要量(Altered Nutrition: less Than Body Requirements)
营养失调:潜在高于机体需要量(Altered Nutrition:Potential for More Than Body Requirements)
有感染的危险(Risk for Infection)
有体温改变的危险(Risk for Altered Body Temperature)
体温过低(Hypothermia)
体温过高(Hyperthermia)
体温调节无效(Ineffective Thermoregulatlon)
反射失调(Dysre flexia)
便秘(Constipation)
感知性便秘(Perceived Consttipation)
结肠性便秘(Colonic Constipation)
腹泻(Diarrhea)
大便失禁(Bowel Inconttinence)
排尿异常(Altered Urinary Elimination)
压迫性尿失禁(Sires Incontlnence)
反射性尿失禁(Reflex Incontlnence)
急迫性尿失禁(Unge Incontlnence)
功能性尿失禁(Functional Incontlnence)
完全性尿失禁(Total Incontlnencd
尿储留(Urinary Retentron)
组织灌注量改变(肾、脑、心肺、胃肠、周围血管)(Altered Tissue
Perfuslorl( Renal, Cereral, Cardlopulmonary Gastrolntestlnal,Peripheral)
体液过多(Fluid Volume Excess)
体液不足(Fluid Volume Deficit)
体液不足的危险(Risk for Fluid VolUme Deficit)
心输出量减少(Deer。a。ed CardlacouPu)
气体交换受损(Imnaired Gas Exc5anse)
清理呼吸道无效(Ineffecthe Airway Clearance)
低效性呼吸型态(Ineffective Breathing Pattern)
不能维持自主呼吸( Inability to Sustain SPontaneous Ventilation)
呼吸机依赖( Dysfunctional Ventilatory Weaning ResPonse,DVWR)
有受伤的危险(Risk for Injury)
有窒息的危险(Risk for Suffocation)
有外伤的危险(Risk for Trauma)
有误吸的危险(Risk for Aspiration)
自我防护能力改变(Altered Protection)
组织完整性受损(ImPaired Tissue Integrity)
口腔粘膜改变(Altered Oral Mucous Membrance)
皮肤完整性受损(ImPaired Skin Integrity)
有皮肤完整性受损的危险(Risk for ImPaired Skin Integrity)
调节颅内压能力下降( Decreased AdaPtive CaPacityIntracranial)
精力困扰(Energy Field distubance)

(2)沟通(Communicating)
语言沟通障碍(impaired VerbalCommunlcatlon)

(3)关系(Relating)
社会障碍(Impaired Soial Interatlon)
社交孤立(Social Isolition)
有孤立的危险(Risk for.Lonelines。)
角色紊乱(Altered Role Performance)
父母不称职(Altered Parenting)
有父母不称职的危险(Risk for Altered Parenting)
有父母亲子依恋改变的危险(Risk for Altered Parent/Infant/Child Att8Chffi6llt)
性功能障碍(Sexual Dysfunction)
家庭作用改变(Altered Family Process)
照顾者角色障碍(Caresiver Role Strain)
有照顾者角色障碍的危险(Risk for Caregiver Role Strain)
家庭作用改变:酗酒(Altered Family Process: Alcoholism)
父母角色冲突(Parental Role Conflict)
性生活型态改变(Altered SexualityPatterns)

(4)赋予价值(Valuing)
精神困扰(Spiritual Distress)
增进精神健康:潜能性(Potential for Enhance Spiritual Well-Belug)

(5)选择(Choosing)
个人应对无效(Ineffctive Individual Coping)
调节障碍(ImPaired Adjustment)
防卫性应对(Defensive Coping)
防卫性否认(Ineffective Denial)
家庭应对无效:失去能力( Ineffective Family Coping:Disabling)
家庭应对无效:妥协性 (Ineffectiv Family Coping:Compromised)
家庭应对:潜能性(Family CoPing: Potential for Growth)
社区应对:潜能性(Potential for Enhanced Community CoPing)
社区应对无效(Ineffective Community Coping)
遵守治疗方案无效(个人的)(Ineffective Management of Therapeutic Regimen)(Individual)
不合作(特定的)(Noncompliance)(Specitfy)
遵守治疗方案无效(家庭的)(Ineffective Management of Therapeutic Regimen: ( (Families)
遵守治疗方案无效(社区的)(Ineffective Management of Thera-peutic Regimen: Community)
遵守治疗方案有效(个人的)(Effective Management of Thera-
peutic Regimen:Individual)
抉择冲突(特定的)(Decisional Conflict)(Specify)
寻求健康行为(特定的)(Health Seeking Behaviors)(Specity)

(6)活动(Moving)
躯体移动障碍(ImPaired Physical Mobility)
有周围血管神经功能障碍的危险(Risk for PeriPheralNeurovas-cular Dysfunction)
有围手术期外伤的危险 (Risk for Perloperatlve Positioning Injury)
活动无耐力(Activity Intolerance)
疲乏(Fatigue)
有活动无耐力的危险(Risk for Activity Intolerance)
睡眠状态紊乱(SleepPattern Disturbance)
娱乐活动缺乏(Diversional Activity Deficit)
持家能力障碍(Impaired Home Maintenance Management)
保持健康的能力改变(Altered Health Maintenance)
进食自理缺陷(Feeding Self Care Deficit)
吞咽障碍(Impaired Swallowing)
母乳喂养无效(Ineffective Breast Feeding)
母乳喂养中断(Interrunted Breast1ceding)
母乳喂养有效(Effective Breast feeding)
婴儿吸吮方式无效(Ineffective Infant Feeding Pattern)
沐浴/卫生自理缺陷(Bathing/Hygiene Self Care Deficit)
穿戴/修饰自理障碍(Dressing/Grooming Self Care Deficit)
入厕自理缺陷(Toileting Self Care Deficit)
生长发育改变(Altered Growth and Development)
环境改变应激综合征(Relocation Stress Syndrome)
有婴幼儿行为紊乱的危险( Risk for Disorganized Infant Behavior)
婴幼儿行为紊乱(Disorganized Infant Behavior)
增进婴幼儿行为(潜能性)(potential for Disorganized Infant ganlzed Infantkhavlor)

(7)感知(Perceiving)
自我形象紊乱(Body Imagse Disturbance)
自尊紊乱(SolfEsteem disturbance)
长期自我贬低(Chronic Low Self Esteem)
情境性自我贬低(Situational Low Self Esteem)
自我认同紊乱(Personal Identity disturbance)
感知改变(特定的)(视、听、运动、味、触、嗅)(Sensory/Perceptual
Alterations)(specify)(Visual,Auditory,Kinesthetlc,Gustatory,Tao-
tile,Olfactory)
单侧感觉丧失(Unilateral Neglect)
绝望(Honelessness)
无能为力(Powerlessness)

(8)认知(Knowing)
知识缺乏(特定的)(Knowledge Deficit)(Specify)
定向力障碍(Impaired Environmental Interpretation)
突发性意识模糊(Acute Confusion)
渐进性意识模糊(Chronic Confusion)
思维过程改变(Altered Thought Processes)
记忆力障碍(ImPaired Memoryy)

(9)感觉(Feeling)
疼痛(Pain)
慢性疼痛(Chronic Pain)
功能障碍性悲哀(Dysfunctional Crievins)
预感性悲哀(AnticiPatory Crieving)
有暴力行为的危险:对自己或对他人(Risk for Violence: Self-
Directed or drected at Others)
有自伤的危险(Risk for Self-Mutilation)
创伤后反应(Post-Trauma Response)
强奸创伤综合征(RaPe-Trauma Syndrome)
强奸创伤综合征:复合性反应(Repe-Trauma Syndrome:Compound Reaction)
强奸创伤综合征:沉默性反应( Rape-Trauma Syndrome:Silent)
焦虑(Anxiety)
恐惧(Fear)

==============================================================

妇产科

Abortion 堕胎
Abortion pill 堕胎丸
Amenorrhea 月经失调
Benign Fibroadenoma 良性纤维腺瘤
Breast Biopsy Options 乳房活组织检验的选择
Breast-feeding 母乳喂哺
Breast Feeding 喂哺母乳
Breast Lump 乳房硬块评估
Caesarean section 剖腹生产
Candida Infections 念珠菌发炎
Cause of and Treatment for Infertility 不育的成因与治疗
Cervix : Cancer 子宫颈癌
Cervical Electrocautery 电子宫颈
Common Questions About Pregnancy 怀孕期疑问
Dietary Recommendations for Breast-feeding Women 女性授乳饮食建议
Dilation & Curettage 刮宫手术
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding 不正常子宫出血
Ectopic Pregnancy 子宫外孕
Effectiveness of Morning-after Pill 事后避孕丸的功效
Embryonic & Fetal Development 胚胎及胎儿的发展
Endometriosis 子宫内膜异位
Endometriosis 子宫内膜组织异位
Epidural Anesthesia 硬膜外麻醉
Episiothomy 外阴切开术
Estrasorb Approves for Treatment of Menopausal Hot Flashes
Estrasorb获批准治疗更年期潮热问题
Galactorrhea (Witches' Milk) 乳溢
Gynecology Common Complaints 常见妇科毛病面面观
Health Risks In Babies Born After Assisted Reproduction 辅助生育出生的婴儿健康危机
Height Loss 身高缩减
Hormone Replacement Therapy Q & A 荷尔蒙补充治疗问答
Hormones, Female 女性荷尔蒙药
Hysterscopy 子宫镜检查
Infection of the Areolar Glands (Montgomery's Glands) 乳晕腺感染
Infectious: How Pregnant Woman Face SARS? 怀孕妇女应如何面对非典型肺炎?
Infertility 不育的问题
Inversion of The Nipple 乳头凹陷
Is it safe Using the Computer during Pregnancy? 怀孕期使用计算机是否安全?
Laparoscopy 腹腔镜手术
Mammography 乳房X光造影检查
Mastitis 乳腺炎
Menopause 更年期
Menopause: Hot Flushes Associated with Menopause - Treatment 如何应付潮热?
Menorrhagia 经血过多
Miscarriage 小产
Miscarriage: Warning Signs 先兆小产
Natural Family Planning 自然家庭计划
New Research on Hormone Replacement Therapy 荷尔蒙补充治疗新进展
Nipple Tissue & Causes of Discharge 乳头分泌与组织
Obstetrics: Common Problems in Early Pregnancy 妊娠初期的常见问题
Obstetrics: Common Problems in Mid-Term Pregnancy 妊娠中期的常见问题
Obstetrics: Common Problems during late Pregnancy 妊娠后期的常见问题
Obstetrics: Common Problems in the Post-Delivery Period 分娩后的常见问题
Optimizing Reproductive Ability-Artificial Insemination促进生育能力:人工捐精
Optimizing Reproductive Ability-Fertility Drugs 促进生育能力:排卵药
Optimizing Reproductive Ability-IVF & GIFT 促进生育能力:人工受孕
Optimizing Reproductive Ability-Surgical Repair 促进生育能力:外科手术
Ovary: Cancer 卵巢癌
Ovary: Oophorectomy 卵巢切除术
Ovary: Ovarian Cysts 卵巢囊肿
Ovary: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 多囊卵巢综合症
Ovary: Primary Ovarian Failure 原发性卵巢不足
Ovary: Tumor 卵巢瘤
Paget's Disease of the Nipple 乳头癌变病
Pap Smear: Common Questions About Pap Smear 子宫颈抹片检查常见问题
Postpartum Depression 产后抑郁
Pregnancy: Are Pregnant Women More Susceptible by Hot Weather?
炎热天气会否影响孕妇?
Pregnancy in the 40s 年过四十怀孕须知
Pregnancy Dating 怀孕期之计算
Pregnancy Visits: Doctor Visits Throughout Your Pregnancy 怀孕期间的检查
Premenstrual Syndrome 经前综合症
Prenatal Care and Tests 产前护理及检查
Prenatal Tests & Diagnosis 产前检查及诊断
Preventing Cystitis in Women 预防女性膀胱炎
Rape 强奸
Reproduction & Fertilization 生殖及受孕
Serious Conditions in Early Pregnancy: Bleeding 出血
Serious Conditions in Early Pregnancy: Ectopic Pregnancy 宫外孕
Serious Conditions in Early Pregnancy: Miscarriage 流产
Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy: Abruptio Placentae 胎盘过早剥落
Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy: Anemia 贫血
Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy: Bacterial Vaginosis 细菌性阴道感染
Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy: Gestational Diabetes 妊娠性糖尿病
Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy: Incompetent Cervix 子宫颈无力
Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy : Placenta Preiva 怀孕中期严重病症之六:胎盘前置
Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy: Urinary Tract Infections 尿道感染
Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy: Abnormal Presentation 异常先露
Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy: Amniotic Fluid Disorders 羊水异常
Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy: High Blood Pressure 高血压
Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy: Poor Fetal Growth 胎儿成长不足
Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy: postmaturity 过度成熟
Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy: Preeclampsia and Eclampsia 先兆子痫与子痫
Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy: Premature Labor 早产
Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy: Premature Rupture of the Membranes
胎膜过早破裂
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 常见性病
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Pregnancy 性病与怀孕
Sterilization in Woman 女性绝育手术
Studies Showed Hormone Replacement may be Risky? 研究显示荷尔蒙补充疗法风险多?
Suction Evacuation 真空吸引术
Teenage Pregnancy 青春期少女怀孕
Testosterone patch improves sexual function 睪酮补片有助改善女性性功能?
The Right Diet for Pregnancy 怀孕期间的正确饮食
Urinary Tract Infection 尿道发炎
Urinary Tract Infections 尿道炎威胁成熟女性
Uterus Cancer 子宫癌
Uterus: Fibroid 子宫肌瘤
Uterus: Hysterectomy 子宫切除术
Uterus: Hysterectomy 子宫切除手术
Uterus Retroversion 子宫后屈
Vaginal Discharge During Pregnancy 怀孕期间的阴道分泌
Vulvovaginitis 常见的阴道及外阴发炎
===========================================================================

儿科

Abdominal Pain 儿童腹痛
AIDS in Infants 爱滋病
Allergies 过敏症
Allergy Shots 过敏疫苗注射
Alternatives to Dairy Products 奶类产品其它选择
Anemia 儿童贫血
Autism 自闭症
Baby Birth & Weight 婴儿出生与体重
Baby Development 婴孩成长模式
Bed-Wetting / Enuresis 尿床/遗尿
Birth Marks 胎痣
Bronchiolitis 细支气管炎
Chickenpox 水痘
Child Abuse 虐待儿童
Children's snacks 儿童零食
Cleft Lip and Palate 裂唇和裂颚
Colic 婴儿绞痛 by 韦基豪医生
Colic 婴儿绞痛 by 罗启晖医生
Congenital Heart Disease in Infants & Children 先天性心脏病
Congenital Hypothyroidism 先天性甲状腺官能不足
Constipation in Infants 婴儿便秘
Coxsackie Virus & Echovirus Infection 柯萨奇肠道病毒和Echovirus感染
Croup 格鲁布性喉头炎
Depression in Children 被忽视的儿童抑郁问题
Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病
Diaper Rash 尿布疹
Disability Warning Signs in Child 儿童残障警号
Down's Syndrome 唐氏综合症
Dyslexia 难语症
Ear Infection 耳朵感染
Eczema 疹
Febrile Seizure 发烧性猝发
Fever in Children 儿童发烧
Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum) 第五病(传染性红斑)
Flu Shots For Infants 婴儿应接受注射流感疫苗
Gastroenteritis 胃肠炎
Gastro-esophageal Reflux 胃食道反流症
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease 手足口病
Headache in Children 儿童头痛问题
Hepatitis in Children 儿童传染病:肝炎
Hernia 疝
Herpes 疱疹
Hirsehsprung Disease 希什斯普隆氏病
How Parents' Emotions and Behavior Affect Kids' Development
父母的情绪及行为如何影响儿童之健康成长
How Stress Manifests in Kids 儿童受压力的表现
How to manage children's stress during shooting 如何处理儿童接受疫苗注射时所受压力
Hydrocephalus 脑积水
Hydrocele 阴囊积水
Hypospadias 尿道下裂
Imperforate Anus 肛门闭锁
Infantile eczema 婴儿湿疹
Infant formulas 婴儿配方奶粉
Infants: Common Problems 育婴常识:婴儿常见的问题及照顾
Infants: Health Maintenance 育婴常识:两岁前的婴儿保健
Infants: Starting Solid Foods 育婴常识:婴孩开始进食固体食物
Infants: Vaccination Time Table 育婴常识:接受疫苗的时间表
Infants: Weaning off Breast Feeding 育婴常识:协助孩子戒掉母乳
Infectious Disease in Children: Diphtheria 儿童传染病:白喉
Inhalation of Meconium 胎粪吸入综合症
Intussusception 肠套迭
Jaundice 婴儿黄疸
Keep the Balance Nutrition 保持均衡营养
Lactose Intolerance 不耐乳糖症
Lead Poisoning 铅中毒
Learning Difficulty 学习困难
Measles 麻疹
Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccines 麻疹、流行性腮腺炎及德国麻疹混合疫苗
Meckel's Diverticulum 梅克耳氏息室
Mumps 流行性腮腺炎
Muscular Dystrophy 肌肉萎缩症
Nephritis and Nephrotic Syndrome 腎炎和腎變病綜合症
Nightmare and Nocturnal Awakening 恶梦和惊醒
Obesity 儿童肥胖
Other Less Common Vaccines 其它不常使用的疫苗
Parasites / Worms 寄生虫
Pediatric Asthma 儿童哮喘
Premature Babies 早产的婴儿
Pertussis 百日咳
Pneumonia in Children 儿童肺炎
Pyloric Stenosis 幽门狭窄
Qualifications to look for in a Pediatrician 儿科医生的专业资格
Rheumatic Fever 风湿热
Roseola Infantum 玫瑰疹
Rubella 德国麻疹
Seizures and Epilepsy 猝发和癫痫
Sex education for children 儿童性教育
Sore Throat 咽痛
Spina Bifida 脊柱裂
Stuttering 口吃
Stuttering in Children 儿童口吃问题
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, SIDS 婴儿猝死综合症状
The controversy of MMR vaccine 麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和德国麻疹混合疫苗的谬误
Threadworm 蛲虫
Thrush 鹅口疮
Thumb & Nipple Suck 吮拇指和奶嘴
Tips for Fueling Child's Brain Power 诱发孩子脑部潜能
Toilet Training 大小便训练
Tonsils: Enlarged Tonsils and Adenoids 扁桃腺和腺样增殖体增大
Tuberculosis 结核病
TV Effect on kids 电视对儿童的影响
Undescended Testicle 睪丸未降
Urinary Tract Infections 泌尿道感染
Vaccine - General Guidelines 疫苗注射的一般指引
Vaccine for Rotavirus 轮状病毒疫苗
Vaccines for Haemophilus Influenza Type B 嗜血杆菌乙类流感疫苗
Vaccines for Poliomyelitis 脊髓灰质炎疫苗
When Kids Swallow Things: Guidelines For Parents 孩子误吞异物的处理

====================================================================


传染病

AIDS 爱滋病
Anthrax 炭疽病
Anthrax Guideline 炭疽病指引
Antibiotics Beneficial for Treatment of Acute Bronchitis?急性支气管炎一定要服用抗生素?
Avian Influenza(Bird Flu)H5N1 H5N1禽流感
Chancroid 软下疳
Chlamydia 沙眼衣原体
Cholera 霍乱
Common Cold 伤风
Common Cold 伤风咳
Control of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) 如何能控制禽流感?
Dengue Fever/Dengue Haemorhagic Fever 登革热 / 出血性登革热
Diarrhea 腹泻
Drug Resistance Tuberculosis 多重耐药性的结核病
Dysentery 痢疾
Escheria Coli 0157:H7 大肠杆菌O157:H7型
FAQ about Mad Cow Disease 疯牛症常见答问
Fever: (Dr P Chau) 发烧
Fever of Unknown Origin 无明显病因的发烧
Flu Vaccine 流感疫苗
Food Poisoning 食物中毒
Food Poisoning 食物中毒
H5N1 流行性感冒/甲型感冒
HPV 疣
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV 人体免疫力缺乏病毒
Infectious Mononucleosis 传染性单核细胞增多症
Influenza by Dr Archie Lo 流行性感冒
Influenza by Dr Joseph Pang 流行性感冒
Japanese Encephalitis ***脑炎
Mad Cow Disease 疯牛症
Malaria 疟疾
Malaria: Higher risk in Pregnant Women 妇女与疟疾
Meningococcal Meningitis 腦膜炎雙球菌性腦膜炎
Monkeypox 猴天花
Oral Sex Safety 口交,安全吗?
Pharyngitis 喉咙发炎
Pneumonia (Dr P Chau) 肺炎
Rabies 狂犬病(又称:疯狗症)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 严重急性呼吸道症候群
Sexually Transmitted Disease - Syphilis 性病之一:梅毒
Sexually Transmitted Disease - Gonorrhea 性病之二:淋病
Sexually Transmitted Disease: Herpes Virus 性病之三:疱疹过滤性病毒
Smallpox by Dr Peter Chau 天花
Smallpox by Dr Peter Lo 天花
Smallpox Vaccination 天花疫苗
Tetanus 破伤风感染
Thing you should know about Avian Influenza 禽流感常识须知
Trichomoniasis 阴道滴虫病
Tuberculosis (T 结核感染
Types of Infections Agents 传染病的原凶
Urinary Tract Infection 尿道感染
Vaccines for Viral Influenza 病毒性流行性感冒疫苗
Vibrio Parahaemoparalyticus 副霍乱
Worldwide HIV/AIDS Epidemic Affects 38 Million People 全球爱滋病流行影响三千八百万人

====================================================================
骨科

Ankle: Achilles Tendonitis 跟腱炎
Ankle: Ruptured Achilles Tendon 跟腱破裂
Ankle: Sprain 踝部扭伤
Ankle Fracture 踝部骨折
Ankylosing Spondylitis 关节黏连脊椎炎
Aseptic Necrosis 无菌的骨疽
Back Pain: Approach to Management 怎样处理背痛问题
Back Pain: Prevention 预防背痛
Baker's Cyst 贝勾氏囊
Bones 骨骼的功能
Bone Tumors 骨肿瘤
Bunions 姆趾黏液囊肿大
Carpal tunnel syndrome 腕管综合症
Colles Fracture 桡骨下端骨折
Compression Fracture of the Vertebrae 脊椎压迫性骨折
Dislocation 脱臼
Dupuytren Contracture 掌挛缩病
Elbow: Golfer's Elbow 高尔夫球肘
Elbow: Tennis Elbow 网球肘
Fibromyalgia 纤维组织肌痛
Flat Foot 扁平足
Foot: Hammer Toe 锤状趾
Foot: Plantar Fasciitis 足底筋膜炎
Foot: Ulcers 脚溃疡
Fracture 骨折
Fracture: Bones in the Foot 脚部骨折
Fracture: Clavicle 锁骨骨折
Fracture Types 骨折的种类
Frozen Shoulder 凝肩
Ganglion 腱鞘囊肿
Hand Fracture 手骨折
Hand: Tenosynoritis 手部腱鞘滑膜炎
Heel Spurs 脚跟骨刺和发炎
Herniated Disk 椎间盆后凸
Hip: Arthritis of the Hip 髋关节炎
Hip and Knee Replacement 髋关节和膝关节置换手术
Hip Fracture 髋部骨折
Infectious Arthritis 感染性关节炎
Joints 关节
Knee: Arthritis 膝关节炎
Knee: Joint Pain 膝关节痛
Knee: Runner's Knee 跑步者膝盖
Knee: Torn Ligaments 膝韧带撕裂
Knee: Torn Meniscus Cartilage 半月板软骨撕裂
Knee Pain: Injury, Degeneration & Arthritis 劳损、退化与膝盖关节炎
Knee Pain and Shoes 膝关节痛与鞋子
Knee Replacement: Surgery Can Relieve Pain 膝关节置换术:手术舒缓痛楚
Kyphosis 脊柱后弯
Leg Cramps 小腿抽筋
Lumbar Herniated Disc 腰椎盆脱出
Mallet Finger 锤状指
Morton Neuroma 莫耳通氏神经瘤
Muscles 肌肉
Muscular Dystrophy 肌肉萎缩症
Neck: Osteoarthritis 颈骨性关节炎
Neck: Whiplash Injury 撞车引致的颈部扭伤
Neck: Wry Neck 颈部僵硬
Osteoarthritis 骨关节炎 (退化性关节炎)
Osteomalacia 软骨病
Osteomyelitis 骨髓炎
Osteoporosis 骨质疏松症
Paget Disease 柏哲德氏病
Ribs & Cartilage Inflammation 肋与软骨炎
RICE Therapy RICE治疗法
Rotator Cuff Injury 旋转肌边创伤
Sciatica 坐骨神经痛
Scoliosis 脊柱侧凸
Scoliosis 脊柱侧弯
Shin Splints 胫纤维发炎
Shoulder: Dislocation 肩脱位
Shoulder: Rotator Cuff Tear 轴转肌撕裂
Shoulder: Tendinitis & Caspulitis 肩部腱炎和囊炎
Spinal Stenosis脊柱狭窄
Swollen Legs, Ankles, or Feet 腿、踝或脚肿胀
Tendinitis, Tenosynovitis and Bursitis 腱炎、腱鞘炎和黏液囊炎
Trigger Finger 弹机状指

==================================================================

术前评估

Preoperative Assessment术前评估
Assessment and Implementation评估实施
1.Use Standard Protocol.采用标准护理程序
2.Determine if the client has any communication impairment and if the client is mentally
competent.测定病人存在沟通障碍,心智是否健全。
3.Assess the client's understanding of the intended surgery and anesthesia.评估病人是否了解即将进行的手术及麻醉。
4.Obtain a nursing history:获取护理史
A.Condition leading to surgery 需手术的病情
B. The need for isolation precautions. 隔离需要
C.Chronic illnesses. 慢性疾病
D.Last menstrual period (for female clients in childbearing years). 末次月经(育龄期女性病人)
E.Previous hospitalizations. 既往住院史
F.Medication history, including prescription and over-the-counter (OTC), and date/time of last doses. 用药史,包括处方与非处方药,末次用药日期/时间
G.Previous experience with surgery and anesthesia.既往手术及麻醉史
H.Family history of complications from surgery or anesthesia. 家庭手术或麻醉并发症史
I.Allergies to medications or food, including specific questions about natural rubber latex.药物或食物过敏史,包括天然橡胶特种过敏反应
J.Physical impairment. 身体受损情况
K.Prostheses and implants (e.g., dentures, hearing aid, pacemaker, internal defibrillator, hip prosthesis)假体和移植(如义齿、助听器、起搏器、除颤器、人工髋关节)
L.Smoking, alcohol, and drug use. 吸烟、饮酒和吸毒史
M.Occupation 职业
5.Assess client's weight, height, and vital signs.评估病人体重、身高和生命体征。
6.Assess client's respiratory status, including character and rate of respirations, oxygen saturation, ability to breathe lying flat, and chest x-ray report.评估病人呼吸系统状况,包括呼吸特征与速度,氧饱和度,平卧呼吸能力及胸片。
7.Assess client's circulatory status, including apical pulse, electrocardiogram (ECG) report, and peripheral pulses.评估病人循环系统状况,包括心尖搏动、心电图和周围脉搏。
8.Determine client's neurological status, including level of consciousness (LOC).测定病人神经学状况,包括神志清醒程度。
9.Assess client's musculoskeletal system,including range of motion (ROM) of joints.评估病人肌骨骼系统,包括关节活动度。
10.Examine client's skin; identify any breaks in skin integrity and determine level of
hydration.检查病人皮肤,确认皮肤完整性受损情况,确定水合程度。
11.Assess client's emotional status, including level of anxiety, coping ability, and family support.评估病人情绪状况,包括焦虑程度、应对能力和家庭支援。
12.Review the results of laboratory tests, including complete blood count (CBC), electrolytes, urinalysis, and other diagnostic tests.审查化验报告,包括全血计数、电解质、尿检和其他诊断试验。
13.Ask if client has an advanced directive.询问病人是否得到事先说明。
14.Identify the time of client's last intake of food or drink.确认病人上次摄食与饮水时间。
15.Use Completion Protocol.采用护理完成标准程序。
Evaluation评价
1.Review records to determine if necessary information has been assessed.复查记录,确定必需项目是否得到评估。
2.Evaluate client's ability to cooperate.评价病人合作能力。
Identify Unexpected Outcomes and Nursing Interventions确认意外结果与护理措施
Record and Report记录与报告
1.Using agency format (preoperative checklist), complete all essential information.采用机构表格(术前目录单),填写全部重要信息。
2.Report abnormal laboratory values and other concerns to the surgeon or
anesthesiologist.向手术医生或麻醉师报告异常化验值及其他问题。

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心理学

theorem 原理,定理
methodology 方法论
physiology 生理学
psychiatry 精神病学
correlation 相互关系
sensation 感觉,知觉
perception 感知,认知
intuition 知觉
ESP 第六感 (Extrasensory Perception)
motivate 激励
incentive 激励因素
stimulus 刺激(stimulate, stimulation )
disorder 紊乱,失调
dysfunction 机能障碍
dissonance 不和谐,不一致
anxiety 焦虑 (anxiousness)
depression 沮丧
insomnia 失眠
phobia 恐惧(症)
allergy 过敏(症),反感
paranoid 偏执的
workaholic 工作狂
symptom 症状
electroencephalogram 脑电图

electrocardiogram 心电图
assertive 武断的
hypnotism 催眠术
prescribe 开药方
antidepressant 抗抑郁药
tranquilizer 镇静药
side-effect (+s) 副作用
immune 免疫的,免除的
rehabilitation 复原,康复
relapse 旧病复发,故态复萌
chronic 慢性的
puberty 青春发动期
adolescence 青春期
affective 情感的
sane 神智健全的
superstition 迷信
telepathy 传心术,通灵术
apathy 无感情,无兴趣,冷漠
pathology 病理学,病理,病变
delusion 迷惑,欺瞒
disorientation 迷失
pervert 使反常/变态 反常/变态者
introspection 内省
retrospection 回顾,反省
sublimation 纯化,升华
innate 天赋的
attribute 属性
trait 特征,品质
national traits 国民性
基因专业英语词汇表

A

腺苷脱氨酶缺乏症 adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA)
腺病毒 adenovirus
Alagille综合征 Alagille syndrome
等位基因 allele
氨基酸 amino acids
动物模型 animal model
抗体 antibody
凋亡 apoptosis
路-巴综合征 ataxia-telangiectasia
常染色体显性 autosomal dominant
常染色体 autosome
B
细菌人工染色体 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
碱基对 base pair
先天缺陷 birth defect
骨髓移植 bone marrow transplantation
BRCA1/BRCA2
C
癌 cancer
后选基因 candidate gene
癌 carcinoma
cDNA文库 cDNA library
细胞 cell
染色体 chromosome
克隆 cloning
密码 codon
天生的 congenital
重叠群 contig
囊性纤维化 cystic fibrosis
细胞遗传图 cytogenetic map
D
缺失 deletion
脱氧核糖核酸 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
糖尿病 diabetes mellitus
二倍体 diploid
DNA复制 DNA replication
DNA测序 DNA sequencing
显性的 dominant
双螺旋 double helix
复制 duplication
E
电泳 electrophoresis
Ellis - van Creveld syndrome
酶 enzyme
外显子 exon
F
家族性地中海热 familial Mediterranean fever
荧光原位杂交 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
脆性X染色体综合征 Fragile X syndrome
G
基因 gene
基因扩增 gene amplification
基因表达 gene expression
基因图谱 gene mapping
基因库 gene pool
基因治疗 gene therapy
基因转移 gene transfer
遗传密码 genetic code (ATGC)
遗传咨询 genetic counseling
遗传图 genetic map
遗传标记 genetic marker
遗传病筛查 genetic screening
基因组 genome
基因型 genotype
种系 germ line
H
单倍体 haploid
haploinsufficiency
造血干细胞 hematopoietic stem cell
血友病 hemophilia
杂合子 heterozygous
高度保守序列 highly conserved sequence
Hirschsprung病 Hirschsprung's disease
纯合子 homozygous
人工染色体 human artificial chromosome (HAC)
人类基因组计划 Human Genome Project
人类免疫缺陷病毒 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/
获得性免疫缺陷综合征 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
huntington舞蹈病 Huntington's disease
杂交 hybridization
I
免疫治疗 immunotherapy
原位杂交 in situ hybridization
继承的 inherited
插入 insertion
知识产权 intellectual property rights
K
敲除 knockout
L
白血病 leukemia
库 library
键、连接 linkage
部位、场所 locus
优势对数评分 LOD score
淋巴细胞 lymphocyte
M
畸形 malformation
描图 mapping
标记 marker
黑色素瘤 melanoma
孟德尔 Mendel, Johann (Gregor)
孟德尔遗传 Mendelian inheritance
信使RNA messenger RNA (mRNA)
[分裂]中期 metaphase
微阵技术 microarray technology
线立体DNA mitochondrial DNA
单体性 monosomy
小鼠模型 mouse model
多发性内分泌瘤病 multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN1)
突变 mutation
N
神经纤维瘤病 neurofibromatosis
尼曼-皮克病 Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC)
non-directiveness
RNA印记 Northern blot
核苷酸 nucleotide
神经核 nucleus
O
寡核苷酸 oligo
癌基因 oncogene
P
p53
Parkinson病 Parkinson's disease
专利权 patent
血系/谱系 pedigree
表型 phenotype
物理图谱 physical map
多指畸形/多趾畸形 polydactyly
聚合酶链反应 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
多态性 polymorphism
定位克隆 positional cloning
原发性免疫缺陷 primary immunodeficiency
引物 primer
原核 pronucleus
前列腺癌 prostate cancer
蛋白 protein
R
隐性 recessive
逆转录病毒 retrovirus
核糖核酸 ribonucleic acid (RNA)
核糖体 ribosome
risk communication
S
序列标记位点 sequence-tagged site (STS)
联合免疫缺陷 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
性染色体 sex chromosome
伴性的 sex-linked
体细胞 somatic cells
DNA印记 Southern blot
光谱核型 spectral karyotype (SKY)
替代 substitution
自杀基因 suicide gene
综合征 syndrome
T
技术转让 technology transfer
转基因的 transgenic
易位 translocation
三体型 trisomy
肿瘤抑制基因 tumor suppressor gene
V
载体 vector
W
蛋白质印记 Western blot
Wolfram综合征 Wolfram syndrome
Y
酵母人工染色体 yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)
常用微生物学专业名词词汇表

带英英解释!!


active immunity(主动免疫): Immunity acquired through direct stimulation of the immune system by antigen.

active transport(主动运输):Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient (from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration) with the aid of proteins in the cell membrane and energy from ATP.

Alcohol fermentation(乙醇发酵):is the formation of alcohol from sugar. Yeast, when under anaerobic conditions, convert glucose to pyruvic acid via the glycolysis pathways, then go one step farther, converting pyruvic acid into ethanol, a C-2 compound.

aerobe(好氧微生物): A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen (O2).

aflatoxin(黄曲霉毒素): From Aspergillus flavus t, a mycotoxin that typically poisons moldy animal feed and can cause liver cancer in humans and other animals.

AIDS(爱滋病): Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome. The complex of signs and symptoms characteristic of the late phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Ames test(艾姆氏实验): A method for detecting mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally defective bacteria

anabolism(合成代谢): The energy consuming process of incorporating nutrients into protoplasm through biosynthesis.

anaerobe(厌氧微生物): A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the absence of oxygen.

antibiotic(抗生素):A chemical substance from one microorganism that can inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts.

antibody(抗体): A large protein molecule evoked in response to an antigen that interacts specifically with that antigen.

antigen(抗原): Any cell, particle, or chemical that induces a specific immune response by B cells or T cells and can stimulate resistance to an infection or a toxin.

antigenic determinant(抗原决定基):The precise molecular group of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response.

antimetabolite(抗代谢物):A substance such as a drug that competes with, substitutes for, or interferes with a normal metabolite.

antiseptic(防腐剂):A growth-inhibiting agent used on tissues to prevent infection.

antiserum(抗血清):Antibody-rich serum derived from the blood of animals (deliberately immunized against infectious or toxic antigen) or from people who have recovered from specific nfections.

antitoxin(抗毒素):Globulin fraction of serum that neutralizesa specific toxin. Also refers to the specific antitoxin antibody itself.

arthrospore(节孢子):A fungal spore formed by the septation fragmentation of hyphae.

ascospore(子囊):A spore formed within a saclike cell (ascus) of Ascomycota following nuclear fusion and meiosis.

asepsis(无菌):A condition free of viable pathogenic microorganisms.

autoantibody(自身抗体):An "anti-self antibody having an ffinity for tissue antigens of the subject in which it is formed.

autoantigen(自身抗原): Molecules that are inherently part of self but are perceived by the immune system as foreign

autoimmune disease(自身免疫疾病):The pathologic condition arising from the production of antibodies against autoantigens. Example: rheumatoid arthritis. Also called autoimmunity

bacteriophage(噬菌体):A virus that specifically infects bacteria.

bacteriostatic(抑菌):Any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth.

binary fission(二分裂):The formation of two new cells of approximately equal size as the result of parent cell division.

B lymphocyte (B cell): A white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells and antibodies.

broad spectrum(广谱): A word to denote drugs that affect many different types of bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative.

Capsid(衣壳):The protein covering of a virus's nucleic acid core. Capsids exhibit symmetry due to the regular arrangement of subunits called capsomers.

capsomer(衣壳粒): A subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc.

capsule(荚膜): In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence.

Catabolism(分解代谢):The chemical breakdown of complex compounds into simpler units to be used in cell metabolism.

cell-mediated immune(细胞介导免疫): The type of immune responses brought about by T cells, such as cytotoxic, suppressor, and helper effects.

chemoautotroph(化能自养菌):An organism that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon. Also called a chemolithotraph

chemotaxis(趋化性): The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli).

Chemotherapy(化学治疗剂):The use of chemical substances or drugs to treat or prevent disease.

Chitin(几丁质):A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the homy substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungi

complement(补体):In immunology, serum protein components hat act in a definite sequence when set in motion either by an antigen-antibody complex or by factors of the alternative (properdin) pathway.

Conldia(分生孢子):Asexual fungal spores shed as free units from the tips of fertile hyphae. Conjugation(接合):In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involvespecial (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans.

Colony(菌落): A macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each arising from the multiplication of a single cell.

Contaminant(污染物):An impurity; any undesirable material or organism.

Culture(培养物):The visible accumulation of microorganisms in or on a nutrient medium. Also, the propagation of microorganisms with various media. curd

differential medium(鉴别培养基): A single substrate that discriminates between groups of microorganisms on the basis of differences in their appearance due to different chemical reactions.

differential stain(鉴别染色): A technique that utilizes two dyes to distinguish between different microbial groups or cell parts by color reaction.

Disinfection(消毒):The destruction of pathogenic nonsporulating microbes or their toxins, usually on inanimate surfaces.

ELISA(酶联免疫): Abbreviation for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a very sensitive serological test used to detect antibodies in diseases such as AIDS。

endospore(芽孢): A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell. The bacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridiim are typical sporeformers.

endotoxin(内毒素): A bacterial intracellular toxin that is not ordinarily released (as is exotoxin). Endotoxin is composed of a phospholipid-polysaccharide complex that is an integral part of gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Endotoxins can cause severe shock and fever.

enriched medium(加富培养基): A nutrient medium supplemented with blood, serum, or some growth factor to promote the multiplication of fastidiousmicroorganisms.

enveloped virus(包膜病毒):A virus whose nucleocapsid is enclosed by a membrane derived in part from the host cell. It usually contains exposed glycoprotein spikes specific for the virus. essential nutrient(必须营养):Any ingredient such as a certain amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, or mineral that cannot be formed by an organism and must be supplied in the diet. A growth factor. eucaryotic cell(真核细胞): A cell that differs from a procaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (a well-defined nucleus), membrane-bound subcellular organdies, and mitotic cell division.

Exotoxin(外毒素):A toxin (usually protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target. Examples: botulin, tetanospasmin, diphtheria toxin, and erythrogenic toxin.

Facultative(兼性的):Pertaining to the capacity of microbes to adapt or adjust to variations; not obligate. Example: The presence of oxygen is not obligatory for a facultative anaerobe to grow.

Fermentation(发酵):The extraction of energy through anaerobic degradation of substrates into simpler, reduced metabolites. In large industrial processes, fermentation can mean any use of microbial metabolism to manufacture organic chemicals or other products.

Flagellum(鞭毛) -- Hair-like structure attached to a cell, used for locomotion in many protists and prokaryotes. The prokaryotic flagellum differs from the eukaryotic flagellum in that the prokaryotic flagellum is a solid unit composed primarily of the protein flagellin, while the eukaryotic flagellum is composed of several protein strands bound by a membrane, and does not contain flagellin. The eukaryotic flagellum is sometimes referred to as an undulipodium.

Genotype(表型):The genotype is ultimately responsible for an organism's phototype, or expressed characteristics.

Glycolysis(糖酵解):The energy-yielding breakdown (fermentation) of glucose to pyruvic or lactic acid. It is often called anaerobic glycolysis because no molecular oxygen is consumed in the degradation.

Gram stain(革兰氏染色):A differential stain for bacteria useful in identification and taxonomy. Gram-positive organisms appear purple from crystal violet-mordant retention; whereas gram-negative organisms appear red after loss of crystal violet and absorbance of the safranin counterstain.

Granulocyte(粒细胞):A mature leukocyte that contains noticeabte granules in a Wright stain. Examples: neutrophils, eoainophils, and basophils.

growth factor(生长因子): An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet to facilitate growth. An essential nutrient.

Halophlle(嗜盐菌): A microbe whose growth is either stimulated by salt or requires a high concentration of salt for growth.

H antigen(H-抗原): The flagellar antigen of motile bacteria. H comes from the German word hauch that denotesthe appearance of speading growth on solid.

helper T cell(辅助T-细胞):A class of thymus-atimulated lymphocytes that facilitate various immune activities such as assisting B cells and macrophages. Also called a T helper cell.

Heterotroph(异养菌): An organism that relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs.

Immunity(免疫):An acquired resistance to an infectious agent due to prior contact with that agent.

immunogen(免疫原): Any substance that induces a state of sensitivity or resistance after processing by the immune system of the body.

immune system(免疫系统):One of the eleven major body organ systems in vertebrates; defends the internal environment against invading microorganisms and viruses and provides defense against the growth of cancer cells.

immunoglobulin(免疫球蛋白): The chemical class of proteins to which antibodies belong.

Inclusion(内含物): A relatively inert body in the cytoplasm such as storage granules, glycogen, fat, or some other aggregated metabolic product.

Infection(感染): The entry, establishment, and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host.

infectious disease(感染性疾病): The state of damage or toxicity in the body caused by an infectious agent.

Inflammation(发炎): A natural, nonspecific response to tissue injury that protects the host from further damage. It stimulates immune reactivity and blocks the spread of an infectious agent.

Inoculation(接种): The implantation of microorganisms into or upon culture media.

Interferon(干扰素): Naturally occurring polypeptides produced by fibroblasts and lymphocytes that can block viral replication and regulate a variety of immune reactions.

Isolation(分离): The separation of microbial cells by serial dilution or mechanical dispersion on solid media to achieve a clone or pure culture.

Latency(潜伏): The state of being inactive. Example: a latent virus or latent infection.

L form(L-型菌): L-phase variants; wall-less forms of some bacteria that are induced by drugs or chemicals.

Lipopolysaccharide(脂多糖,LPS): A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the bacterial cell wall. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria is an endotoxin with generalized pathologic effects such as fever

Lysis(溶解): The physical rupture or deterioration of a cell.

Lysogeny(溶原性): The indefinite persistence of bacteriophage DNA in a host without bringing about the production of virions. A lysogenic cell can revert to a lytic cycle, the process that ends in lysis.

lysosome (溶酶体):A cytoplasmic organelle containing lysozyme and other hydrolytic enzymes. lysozyme(溶菌酶): An enzyme that attacks the bonds on bacterial peptidoglycan. It is a natural defense found in tears and saliva.

macrophage A while blood cell derived from a monocyte that leaves the circulation and enters tissues. These cells are important in nonspecific

mixed culture(混合培养): A container growing two or more different, known species of microbes.

monoclonal antibody(单克隆抗体): An antibody produced by a clone of lymphocytes that respond to a particular antigenic determinant and generate identical antibodies only to that determinant.

Monocyte(单核细胞): A large mononuclear leukocyte normally found in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and loose connective tissue. This type of cell makes up 3% to 7% of circulating leukocytes.

Mutagen(诱变剂):Any agent that induces genetic mutation. Examples: certain chemical substances, ultraviolet,light, radioactivity.

Mutation(突变): A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell. Mycelium(菌丝体): The filamentous mass that makes up a mold. Composed of hyphae.

narrow spectrum(窄谱): Denotes drugs that are selective and limited in their effects. For example, they inhibit either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria, but not both.

negative stain(负染色):A staining technique that renders the background opaque or colored and leaves the object unstained so that it is outlined as a colorless area

nitrogen fixation(固氮):A process occurring in certain bacteria in which atmospheric Na gas is converted to a form (NH^ usable by plants.

Nucleocapsid(核衣壳): In viruses, the close physical combination of the nucleic acid with its protective covering.

Nucleoid(拟核):The basophilic nuclear region or nuclear body that contains the bacterial chromosome.

Nutrient(营养物质):Any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for normal metabolism and growth. Macronutrients are required in large amounts, and micronutrients in small amounts.

Obligate(专性的): Without alternative; restricted to a particular characteristic. Example: An obligate parasite survives and grows only in a host; an obligate aerobe must have oxygen to grow; an obligate anaerobe is destroyed by oxygen.

Parasite(寄生): An organism that lives on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. The parasite produces some degree of harm in the host indirectly by donation of preformed immune substances (antibodies) produced in the body of another Individual.

Pasteurization(巴斯德消毒): Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk, fruit juices, or wine to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells, followed by rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germination of spores. It prevents infection and spoilage.

Pathogen(病原体):Any agent, usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth, that causes disease.

Saprophytes(腐生型) Organisms that obtain their nutrients from decaying plants and animals. Saprophytes are important in recycling organic material.

Pathogenidty(致病性):The capacity of microbes to cause disease.

Pathology(病原学):The structural and physiological effects of disease on the body.

passive transport(被动扩散)Diffusion across a plasma membrane in which the cell expends no energy.

Penicillins(青霉素):A large group of naturally occurring and synthetic antibiotics produced by penicillium mold and active against the cell wall of bacteria.

Peptidoglycan(肽聚糖): A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria have a smaller amount of this rigid structure than do gram-positive bacteria.

Plasmids(质粒)Self-replicating, circular DNA molecules found in bacterial cells; often used as vectors in recombinant DNA technology. Small circles of double-stranded DNA found in some bacteria. Plasmids can carry from four to 20 genes. Plasmids are a commonly used vector in recombinant DNA studies.

periplasmic space(周质空间):The region between the cell wall and cell membrane of the cell envelopes of gram-negative bacteria.

Phage(噬菌体):A bacteriophage; a virus that specifically parasitizes bacteria.

Phenotype(表型): The observable characteristics of an organism produced by the interaction between its genetic potential (genotype) and the environment.

Photoautotroph(光能自养菌): An organism that utilizes light fa­ils energy and carbon dioxide chiefly for its' carbon needs.

Pilus(性丝) Projection from surface of a bacterial cell (F+) that can donate genetic material to another (F-).

prokaryote cell(原核细胞): A small, simple cell lacking a true nucleus, a nuclear envelope, and membrane-enclosed organelles

prophage(前噬菌体):A lysogenized bacteriophage; a phage that is latently incorporated into the host chromosome instead of undergoing, viral replication and lysis. prophylactic Any device, method, or substance used to prevent disease.

Protoplast(原生质体):A bacterial cell whose cell wall is completely kicking and that is vulnerable to osmotic lysis.

Pseudohypha(假菌丝):A chain of easily separated, spherical to sausage-shaped yeast cells partitioned by constrictions rather than by septa.

Psychrophile(嗜冷菌):A microorganism that thrives at low temperature (0°-20°C), with a temperature optimum of 0°-15°C.

respiratory chain(呼吸链):In cellular respiration, a series of electron-carrying molecules that transfers energy-rich electrons and protons to molecular oxygen. In transit, energy is extracted and conserved in the form of ATP.

reverse transcriptase(逆转录酶):The enzyme possessed by retroviruses that carries out the reversion of RNA to DNA—a form of reverse transcription.

SCP(单细胞蛋白):Abbreviation for single-cell protein, a euphemistic expression for microbial protein intended for human and animal consumption..

selective media(选择培养基): Nutrient media designed to favor the growth of certain microbes and to inhibit.

Serotyping(血清型):The subdivision of a species or subspecies into an immunologic type, based upon antigenic characteristics.

sexual reproduction(有性繁殖)A system of reproduction in which two haploid sex cells fuse to produce a diploid zygote.

Spheroplast(球形体): A gram-negative cell whose peptidoglycan, when digested by lysozyme,

remains intact but is osmotically vulnerable

spike(刺突):A receptor on the surface of certain enveloped viruses that facilitates specific attachment to the host cell.

Spirillum(螺菌):A type of bacterial cell with a rigid spiral shape and external flagella.

Spirochete(螺旋体):A coiled, spiral-shaped bacterium that has endoflagella and flexes as it moves.

Sporangium(孢囊):A fungal cell in which asexual spores are formed by multiple cell cleavage. Sterilization(灭菌):Any process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat. Material so treated is sterile.

Strain(菌株):In microbiology, a set of descendants cloned from a common ancestor that retain the original characteristics. Any deviation from the original is a different strain.

subcellular vaccine(亚单位疫苗): A vaccine against isolated microbial antigens rather than against the entire organism.

superoxide ion(超氧离子): A toxic radical form oxygen metabolism

suppressor T cell(抑制T细胞):A class of T cells that inhibits the actions of B cells and other T cells.

temperate phage(温和噬菌体):A bacteriophage that enters into a less virulent state by becoming incorporated into the host genome as a prophage instead of in the vegetative or lytic form that eventually destroys the cell.

thermal death point(致死温度):The lowest temperature that achieves sterilization in a given quantity of broth culture upon a 10-minute exposure. Examples:55°C for Escherichia coil. 60°C for

Mycobaaerium tuberculosis, and 120°C for spores.

thermal death time( 热致死时间):The least time required to kill all cells of a culture at a specified temperature.

Therrnophlle(嗜热菌):A microorganism that thrives at a temperature of 50°C or higher.

T lymphocyte (T cell):A white blood cell that is processed in the thymus gland and is involved in cell-mediated immunity.

Toxoid(类毒素):A toxin that has been rendered nontoxic but is still capable of eliciting the formation of protective antitoxin antibodies; used in vaccines.

Transduction(转导):The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by means of a bacteriophage vector.

Transformation(转化):In microbial genetics, the transfer of genetic material contained in "naked" DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recipient cell.

Transposon(转座):A DNA segment with an insertion sequence at each end, enabling it to migrate to another plasmid, to the bacterial chromosome, or to a bacteriophage.

Vaccine(免疫法):Originally used in reference to inoculation with the cowpox or vaccinia virus to protect against smallpox. In general, the term now pertains to injection of whole microbes (killed or attenuated), toxoids, or parts of microbes as a prevention or cure for disease.

Virold(类病毒):An infectious agent that, unlike a virion, lacks a capsid and consists of a closed circular RNA molecule. Although known viroids are all plant pathogens, it is conceivable that animal versions exist.

Zygospore(接合孢子):A thick-walled sexual spore produced by the zygomycete fungi. It develops from the union of two hyphae, each bearing nuclei of opposite mating types.
实验仪器名称中英文对照表

仪器中文名称 仪器英文名称(缩写)
原子发射光谱仪 Atomic Emission Spectrometer(AES)
电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪 Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer(ICP)
直流等离子体发射光谱仪 Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer(DCP)
紫外-可见光分光光度计 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer(UV-Vis)
微波等离子体光谱仪 Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission Spectrometer(MIP)
原子吸收光谱仪 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS)
原子荧光光谱仪 Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy(AFS)
傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 FT-IR Spectrometer(FTIR)
傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪 FT-Raman Spectrometer(FTIR-Raman)
气相色谱仪 Gas Chromatograph(GC)
高压/效液相色谱仪 High Pressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)
离子色谱仪 Ion Chromatograph
凝胶渗透色谱仪 Gel Permeation Chromatograph(GPC)
体积排阻色谱 Size Exclusion Chromatograph(SEC)
X射线荧光光谱仪 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer(XRF)
X射线衍射仪 X-Ray Diffractomer(XRD)
同位素X荧光光谱仪 Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
电子能谱仪 Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy
能谱仪 Energy Disperse Spectroscopy(EDS)
质谱仪 Mass Spectrometer(MS)
ICP-质谱联用仪 ICP-MS
气相色谱-质谱联用仪 GC-MS
液相色谱-质谱联用仪 LC-MS
核磁共振波谱仪 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer(NMR)
电子顺磁共振波谱仪 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer(ESR)
极谱仪 Polarograph
伏安仪 Voltammerter
自动滴定仪 Automatic Titrator
电导仪 Conductivity Meter
pH计 pH Meter
水质分析仪 Water Test Kits
电泳仪 Electrophoresis System
表面科学 Surface Science
电子显微镜 Electro Microscopy
光学显微镜 Optical Microscopy
金相显微镜 Metallurgical Microscopy
扫描探针显微镜 Scanning Probe Microscopy
表面分析仪 Surface Analyzer
无损检测仪 Instrument for Nondestructive Testing
物性分析 Physical Property Analysis
热分析仪 Thermal Analyzer
粘度计 Viscometer
流变仪 Rheometer
粒度分析仪 Particle Size Analyzer
热物理性能测定仪 Thermal Physical Property Tester
电性能测定仪 Electrical Property Tester
光学性能测定仪 Optical Property Tester
机械性能测定仪 Mechanical Property Tester
燃烧性能测定仪 Combustion Property Tester
老化性能测定仪 Aging Property Tester
生物技术分析 Biochemical analysis
PCR仪 Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA及蛋白质的测序和合成仪 Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein
传感器 Sensors
其他 Other/Miscellaneous
流动分析与过程分析 Flow Analytical and Process Analytical Chemistry
气体分析 Gas Analysis
基本物理量测定 Basic Physics
样品处理 Sample Handling
金属/材料元素分析仪 Metal/material elemental analysis
环境成分分析仪 CHN Analysis
发酵罐 Fermenter
生物反应器 Bio-reactor
摇床 Shaker
离心机 Centrifuge
超声破碎仪 Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor
超低温冰箱 Ultra-low Temperature Freezer
恒温循环泵 Constant Temperature Circulator
超滤器 Ultrahigh Purity Filter
冻干机 Freeze Drying Equipment
部分收集器 Fraction Collector
氨基酸测序仪 Protein Sequencer
氨基酸组成分析仪 Amino Acid Analyzer
多肽合成仪 Peptide synthesizer
DNA测序仪 DNA Sequencers
DNA合成仪 DNA synthesizer
紫外观察灯 Ultraviolet Lamp
分子杂交仪 Hybridization Oven
PCR仪 PCR Amplifier
化学发光仪 Chemiluminescence Apparatus
紫外检测仪 Ultraviolet Detector
电泳 Electrophoresis
酶标仪 ELIASA
CO2培养箱 CO2 Incubators
倒置显微镜 Inverted Microscope
超净工作台 Bechtop
流式细胞仪 Flow Cytometer
微生物自动分析系统 Automatic Analyzer for Microbes
生化分析仪 Biochemical Analyzer
血气分析仪 Blood-gas Analyzer
电解质分析仪 Electrolytic Analyzer
尿液分析仪 Urine Analyzer
临床药物浓度仪 Analyzer for Clinic Medicine Concentration
血球计数器 Hematocyte Counter
澳洲医院常用术语缩写
from:
>

AB-antibiotics
ABG-arterial blood gas
ATO-alert & orientated
AFO-ankle-foot orthosis
pt-patient
PAC-pressure area care
PCA-Patient-controlled Analgesis
Obs-observation
BO-bowel opened
BNO-Bowel not opened
cont-continue
DDA-dangrous drug administration
PS-pain scale
SS-sedation scale
med-medication
Ted stocking -Anti-embolism stockings
SOB-short of breath
SOOB-set out of bed
RIB-rest in bed
I/O-input/output
BSL-blood sugar level
BGL-blood glucose level
FBC-fluid balance chart
FWD-full ward diet
MO-medical officer
GP-general practitioner
APS-acute pain service
SE-side effect
Mob-mobility
T.D.S-tid
D/C-discharge
rehab-rehabilitation
NKDA-nil known drug allergies
Neb-nebulizer
MOW-meel on wheels
RTW-return to ward
CMP machine-continous passive motion machive
CPAP-continous positive airway pressure
GA-general anaesthesia
IDC-indwelling cather
IVT-I.V infusion
jelco留置针 bung-肝素帽
TKP-total knee replacement
THR-Total hip replacement

babyfish76补充:
ABD: abdomen
ADL: activity of daily living
AF: artial fibrillation/ atrial flutter
ASAP: as soon as possible
APPT: APPOINTMENT
AXR: ABDOMINAL X-RAY
BA: BOWEL ACTION
Bx: BIOPSY
Ca: CARCINOMA
CABG: CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT
CAVG: CORONARY ARTERY VENOUS GRAFT
CBD: COMMON BILE DUCT
CCF: CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
CHOL: CHOLESTEROL
CNS: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
C/O: COMPLAIN OF
COAD: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAYS DISEASE
CPR: CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION
C&S: CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY
CVA: CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT
CXR: CHEST X-RAY
DU: DUODENAL ULCER
DVT: DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS
Dx: DIAGNOSIS
ECHO: ECHOCARDIOGRAM

grace11补充:
OP osteoporosis
LAP laparoscopy
TET--TOX tetanus toxoid
HT hypertention
LIH left inquinia hernia
AWD alcohol withdraw
NFO no further ooze
SL slighyly
BX biopsy

Turp, MI, APO,CHF,CCF,OA, RA,MRSA,GTN,CAD,GIT,DVT,PE,NG tube,ICP,GCS,TPN等等简称都很容易查到。用heparin治疗的病人要监测aptt,用warfarin治疗的病人要监测INR.这些大家以后来到临床,都经常要做得啦!
伤寒cold pathogenic disease
①感受寒邪引起的外感热病的统称。②泛指外感热病。
温病epidemic febrile disease感受温邪引起的外感热病的统称。
新感温病newly acquired epidemic febrile disease感邪即发的温病。
伏邪温病epidemic febrile disease caused by incubating
pathogens感受病邪后,伏藏于里,过时而发的温病。
瘟疫epidemic infectious disease感受疫疠之气,造成流行性急性传染病的统称。
时令病seasonal diseases感受外邪所致的季节性疾病。
外感热病heat disease感受温热邪气引起的以发热为主要表现的疾病。
感冒common cold以发热恶寒,头身疼痛,鼻塞流涕,喉痒咳嗽为主要表现的疾病。
时行感冒influenza由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,即流行性感冒。
外感高热exogenous high fever感受时行疫毒引起的以高热不退,烦渴身热,便秘,尿黄为主要表现的疾病。
风温 wind-warm syndrome感受风热病邪引起的温病。
春温 spring warm syndrome发生于春季的温病。
暑温fever disease in summer感受暑热病邪引起的发病急骤的温病。
暑厥 syncope due to summerheat暑温出现昏厥或四肢逆冷者。
中暑heat stroke and sunstroke感受暑邪引起的以高热汗出或肤燥无汗,烦躁,口渴,神昏抽搐,或呕恶腹痛为主要表现的疾病。
伤暑sunstroke中暑之轻者。
疰夏summer unacclimation以夏季倦怠嗜卧,低热,纳差为主要表现的疾病。
湿温damp fever感受湿热病邪引起的温病。
湿阻 damp obstruction以纳呆、脘闷、腹胀、头重、倦怠为主要表现的疾病。
秋燥 autumn-dryness disease秋季感受燥邪引起的温病。
冬温 warm disease in winter冬季感受温热病邪引起的温病。
大头瘟 fever with a swollen head感受风热时毒,以头面焮赤肿痛为主要表现的的急性外感热病。
烂喉丹痧scarlet fever感受时疫引起的,以咽喉肿痛糜烂,肌肤丹痧密布为主要表现的急性外感热病。
疟疾 malaria由疟原虫寄生在人体引起的,以往来寒热,休作有时,反复发作,日久胁下有痞块为主要表现的疾病。
瘴疟 malignant malaria感受山岚瘴毒引起的疟疾。
久疟 chronic malaria发作日久不愈之疟疾。
霍乱 cholera由霍乱弧菌引起的烈性传染病。
痢疾 dysentery由痢疾杆菌引起的,以腹痛腹泻,里急后重,大便下脓血为主要表现的疾病。
休息痢recurrent dysentery长期反复发作的痢疾。
疫毒痢fulminant dysentery以发病急骤,高热,烦躁口渴,腹痛剧烈,大便脓血,甚或神昏抽搐,肢厥为主要表现的重度痢疾。
暴痢 fulminant dysentery因饮食不洁引起,以骤起发病,高热为主要表现的痢疾。
鼠疫 plague由鼠疫杆菌引起的的烈性传染病。
狂犬病 rabies疯犬咬伤后引起的,以烦躁,怕风,恐水,畏光,痉挛抽搐,终致瘫痪而危及生命为主要表现的疾病。
炭疽 anthrax由炭疽杆菌所致的人畜共患急性传染病,以皮肤溃烂、焦痂及其周围水肿,偶可见肺、肠、脑病变及毒邪流注为主要表现的疾病。
麻风 leprosy感受麻风病毒引起的,以遍身麻木,皮肤见红斑紫癜,形若蛇皮,脱屑等为主要表现的疾病。
梅毒 syphilis感染梅毒螺旋体引起的,以阴部糜烂,外发皮疹,筋骨疼痛,皮肤起核而溃烂,神情痴呆为主要表现的疾病。
杨梅疮syphilitic skin lesion以皮肤红斑脱屑、丘疹结节等为主要表现的梅毒。
花柳病venereal toxic gonorrhea以排尿困难,尿频尿痛,茎端流出米泔样浊物为主要表现的梅毒。
咳嗽[病]cough[disease]以咳嗽、咯痰为主要表现的疾病。
外感咳嗽exogenous cough六淫之邪犯肺引起的咳嗽。
内伤咳嗽endogenous cough肺气虚弱或他脏累肺引起的咳嗽。
暴咳 sudden cough以骤然发作剧烈咳嗽为主要表现的疾病。
肺痿 atrophic lung disease以胸憋气短、咯吐浊唾涎沫为主要表现的疾病。
肺痈 abscess of lung以骤起发热,咳嗽,胸痛,咯腥臭脓血痰为主要表现的疾病。
哮病asthma又称哮喘。以发作性喉中哮鸣有声,呼吸困难,甚则喘息不得平卧为主要表现的疾病。
喘病 dyspnea因久患肺系疾病或他脏病变影响,致肺气上逆肃降无权,以气短喘促为主要表现的疾病。
Word Building (构词法)
人体主要器官前缀(Prefixes for major organs of the body)

名称 通用名 前缀 常用形容词 示例

心 heart cardio- cardial cardium / carditis / cardiology

脑 brain encepholo- cerebral cerebrum / encephalitis / encephalology

肺 lung pulmo- pulmonary pulmonitis / pulmonectomy / pulmonology

肝 liver hepato- hepatic hepatitis / hepatobiliary / hepatology

胃 stomach gastro- gastric gastritis / gastrointestinal / gastrology

胆 gallbladder chole- biliary cholecystitis / cholinergic / cholecystectomy

肠 intestine entero- intestinal enteritis / enterectomy / enterology /

脾 spleen spleno- splenic splenitis / splenectomy / splenology

胰 pancreas pancreato- pancreatic pancreatitis / pancreatectomy / pancreatopathy

肾 kidney nephro- renal /nephric nephritis / nephropathy / nephrology

医、护、药、研究、技术、实验系列专业职称
(Professional titles in medicine, nursing, pharmacy, research, technology and experiment series)

医士 Assistant doctor 护工 Orderly

住院医师 Resident 护士 Nurse; nurse aide

住院总医师 Chief resident 护师 Nurse practitioner

主治医师 Attending doctor 主管护师 Nurse-in-charge

/ visiting doctor / doctor-in-charge

副主任医师 Associate senior doctor 副主任护师 Associate senior nurse

主任医师 Full senior doctor 主任护师 Full senior nurse

药士 Assistant pharmacist 技士 Technician

药师 Pharmacist 技师 Technologist

主管药师 Pharmacist-in-charge 主管技师 Technologist-in-charge

副主任药师 Associate senior pharmacist 副主任技师 Associate senior technologist

主任药师 Full senior pharmacist 主任技师 Full senior technologist

研究实习员 Research assistant 实验员 Laboratory technician

助理研究员 Research associate 助理实验师 Assistant experimentalist

/ assistant research fellow

副研究员 Associate research fellow 实验师 Experimentalist

研究员 Research fellow 高级实验师 Senior experimentalist

 
语结构句型佳句

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
  依照最近的一项调查,每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

  2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.
  最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

  3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
  没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

  4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
  人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

  5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
  越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

  6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
  说到教育,大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

  7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness.
  许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

  8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.
  应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量,努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

  9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
  越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而,越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法,他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题,像犯罪和卖淫。

  10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
  许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少,以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车,而车上可能已满载乘客。

  11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
  无可否认,空气污染是一个极其严重的问题:城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

  12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
  一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。
  12a. A proper part-time job does not occupy students' too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
  一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间,事实上,把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康,正如那句老话:只工作,不玩耍,聪明的孩子会变傻。

  14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.
  任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

  15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
  当前,一提到即将开始的学校生活,许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而,对多数年轻人来说,校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

  16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
  考虑到问题的严重性,在事态进一步恶化之前,必须采取有效的措施。

  17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
  大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力,而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

  18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.
  无可争辩,现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

  19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
  尽管这一观点被广泛接受,很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

  20. No one can deny the fact that a person's education is the most important aspect of his life.
  没有人能否认:教育是人生最重要的一方面。
心血管医学英语单词[zt]

心力衰竭:
Heart failure 心力衰竭
Congestive beart failure 充血性心力衰竭
Acute left-sided heart failure 急性左心衰竭
Chroinc heart failure 慢性心力衰竭
Intractable heart failure 难治性心力衰竭
Systolic insufficiency heart failure 收缩功能不全性心力衰竭
Diastolic insufficiency heart failure 舒张功能不全性心力衰竭
Congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭
Cardiac dysfunction 心功能障碍

心律失常:
Arrhythmia (cardiac arrhythmia)心律失常
Triggered activity 触发活动
Afterdepolarization 后除极
a.窦房结
Sinus node recovery time SNRT 窦房结恢复时间
Sinoatrial conduction time SACT 窦房传导时间
Bradycardia 心动过缓
Tachycardia 心动过速
Sinus tachycardia 窦性心动过速
Sinus bradycardia 窦性心动过缓
Sinus pause (sinus arrest) 窦性停搏(窦性静止)
sinoatrial block 窦房阻滞(Mobitz 莫氏, Wenckebach 文氏)
Sick sinus syndrome(SSS) 病(态)窦(房结)综合征
Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome 心动过缓-心动过速综合征
b.心房
Atrial premature beats 房性期前收缩
Atrial tachycardia 房性心动过速
Intrinsic heart rate 固有心率
Automatic atrial tachycardia 自律性房性心动过速
Reentrant atrial tachycardia 折返性房性心动过速
Chaotic atrial tachycardia 紊乱性房性心动过速
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with AV block (PAT with block) 伴有房室阻滞的阵发性房性心动过速
Multifocal atrial tachycardia 多源性房性心动过速
Atrial flutter 心房扑动
Atrial fibrillation 心房颤动
c.房室交界区性
Premature atrioventricular junctional beats 房室交界区性期前收缩
AV junctional escape beats 房室交界区性逸搏
AV junctional rhythm 房室交界区性心律
Nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional tachycardia 非阵发性房室交界区性心动过速
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(PSVT)阵发性室上性心动过速
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia(AVNRT)房室结内折返性心动过速
Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia(AVNRT)房室返性心动过速
Preexcitation syndrome(Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) 预激综合征(WPW综合征)
d.心室
Premature ventricular beats 室性期前收缩
Ventricular parasystole 室性并行心律
Ventricular tachycardia 室性心动过速
Accelerated idioventricular rhythm 加速性心室自主节律
Torsades de pointes 尖端扭转
Ventricular flutter 心室扑动
Ventricular fibrillation 心室颤动
Atrioventricular block 房室传导阻滞
Wenckebach block 文氏阻滞
Adame-Strokes syndrom 阿-斯综合征
Intraventricular block 室内传导阻滞
Right bundle branch block 右束支传导阻滞
Left bundle branch block 左束支传导阻滞
Left anterior fascicular block 左前分支传导阻滞
Left posterior fascicular block 左后分支传导阻滞
Bifascicular block 双分支阻滞
Trifascicular block 三分支阻滞

心脏骤停与猝死
sudden cardiac death 心脏性猝死
Cardiac arrest 心脏骤停
Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) 无脉性电活动

高血压:
Hypertension 高血压
Hypertensive urgencyes 高血压急症
Hypertensive crisis 高血压危象
Hypertensive emergencies 高血压危症
Secondary hypertension 继发性高血压
Primary hypertension 原发性高血压
“White coat” hypertension 白大衣性高血压
4
Isolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压
Arteriolosclerosis 小动脉硬化

先心病:
Congenital heart disease 先天性心脏病
Congenital cardiovascular disease 先天性心血管病
Pulmonic stenosis 肺动脉狭窄
Isolated pulmonic stenosis 单纯肺动脉口狭窄
Coarctation of the aorta 主动脉缩窄
Idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery 单纯肺动脉扩张
Primary pulmonary hypertension 原发性肺动脉高压
Persistent left superior vena cava 双侧上腔静脉(左上腔静脉残存)
Isolated dextrocardia 孤立性右位心
Atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage 部分性肺静脉畸形引流
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 室间隔缺损
Eisenmenger’s syndrome 艾森门格综合征
Patent ductus arteriosus(PDA)动脉导管未闭
Tetralogy of Fallot 法洛四联症
Trilogy of Fallot 法洛三联症
Complete transposition of the great vessels 完全性大血管错位
Atrial septal defect (ASD) 房间隔缺损

心脏瓣膜病:
Multivalve heart disease 多瓣膜疾病
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Mitral valve disease 二尖瓣疾病
Pulmonic valve disease 肺动脉瓣疾病
Tricuspid valve disease 三尖瓣疾病
Ebstein’s anomaly 三尖瓣下移畸形
Dysfunction or rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能失调或断裂
Aortic valve disease 主动脉瓣疾病
Aortic arch syndrome 主动脉弓综合征
Valvular heart disease 心脏瓣膜病
rheumatic heart disease 风湿性心脏病
Rheumatic fever 风湿热
Rheumatic carditis 风湿性心脏炎
Mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄
Mitral incompetence 二尖瓣关闭不全
Acute mitral insufficiency 急性二尖瓣关闭不全
Chronic mitral insufficiency 慢性二尖瓣关闭不全
Marfan’s syndrom 马凡氏综合征
Aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄
Aortic incompetence 主动脉瓣关闭不全
Chronic aortic insufficiency 慢性主动脉瓣关闭不全
Tricuspid stenosis 三尖瓣狭窄
Tricuspid incompetence 三尖瓣关闭不全
Pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄
Pulmonary incompetence 肺动脉瓣关闭不全

冠心病:
Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化
Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病
Coronary heart disease 冠状动脉性心脏病
Angina pectoris 心绞痛
Stable angina pectoris 稳定型心绞痛
Unstable angina pectoris 不稳定心绞痛
Initial onset angina pectoris 初发型心绞痛
Accelerated angina pectoris 恶化型心绞痛
Variant angina pectoris (Prinzmetal’s variant angina pectoris)变异型心绞痛
Angina decubitus 卧位心绞痛
Acute coronary insufficiency 急性冠状动脉功能不全
Postinfarction angina pectoris 梗塞后心绞痛
Acute coronary syndrome(ACS) 急性冠脉综合征
Myocardial infarction(MI) 心肌梗死
Acute myocardial infarction(AMI) 急性心肌梗死
Dysfunction of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能失调
Rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌断裂
Rupture of the heart 心脏破裂
Embolism 栓塞
Cardiac aneurysm 心脏室壁瘤
Postinfarction syndrome 心肌梗死后综合征
Latent coronary heart disease 无症状型冠心病(隐性冠心病)
Ischemic cardiomyopathy 缺血性心肌病
Sudden death 猝死

感染性心内膜炎:
Infective endocarditis (IE) 感染性心内膜炎
Native valve endocarditis 自体瓣膜心内膜炎
Prothetic valve endocarditis 人工瓣膜心内膜炎
Endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers 静脉药瘾者心内膜炎
Acute infective endocarditics(AIE) 急性感染性心内膜炎
Subacute Infective endocarditis 亚急性感染性心内膜炎

心肌疾病:
Specific cardiomyopathy 特异性心肌病
Viral myocarditis 病毒性心肌炎
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM)肥厚性心肌病
Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) 非对称性室间隔肥厚
Restrictive cardiomyopathy(RCM)限制性心肌病
Dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM)扩张型心肌病
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 酒精性心肌病
Peripartum cardiomyopathy 围生期心肌病
Drug-induced cardiomyopathy 药物性心肌病
Keshan disease (KD) 克山病
Endemic cardiomyopathy (ECD) 地方性心肌病
Cardiomyopathies 心肌疾病
Myocardial bridging 心肌桥
Myocarditis 心肌炎
Right ventricular cardiomyopathy 右室心肌病
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy(ARVC)致心律失常型右室心肌病
Unclassified cardiomyopathies,UCM)

心包疾病:
Purulent pericarditis 化脓性心包炎
Acute pericarditis 急性心包炎
Tuberculous pericarditis 结核性心包炎
Constrictive pericarditis 缩窄性心包炎

血管疾病:
Peripheral arteriosclerosis obliteration 闭塞性周围动脉粥样硬化
Primary arteritis of the aorta and its main branches 多发性大动脉炎
Raynaud syndrome 雷诺综合征
Pulness disease 无脉病
Thromboangitis obliterans 血栓闭塞性脉管炎
Thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎
Aortic dissection 主动脉夹层

其它疾病:
Syndrome X
Cardiogenic shock 心原性休克
Postpericardiostomy syndrome 心肌损伤后综合征
Pulmonary embolism 肺动脉栓塞
Syncope 晕厥
Syphlitic cardiovascular disease 梅毒性心血管病
Cardiovascular neurosis 心脏血管神经官能症

药物
Vasodilator 血管扩张剂(phlebectasis 静脉扩张, arteriectasis 动脉扩张)
Diuretic 利尿剂(thiazide diuretic 噻嗪类利尿剂;loop diuretic 袢利尿剂;potassium-sparing diuretics 保钾利尿剂)
inotropic agent 正性肌力药(digitalis preparation 洋地黄制剂;adrenergic receptor stimulant 肾上腺素能受体兴奋剂;
phosphodiesterase inhibitor 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂)
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor(ACE inhibitors)(ACEI)血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂
Aldosterone antagonist 醛固酮拮抗剂
Beta adrenergic receptor blocker (beta blockers) ß肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂
Calcium channel blocker(CCB)钙通道阻滞剂
Angiotension Ⅱ antagonist(Angiotension Ⅱ receptor blocker) 血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂
Alpha blockers α1 受体阻滞剂
Nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油
Digoxin 地高辛
Lanatoside C 西地兰
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antiarrhythic drugs 抗心律失常药
lidocaine 利多卡因
Propafenone 普罗帕酮
Amiodarone 胺碘酮
调脂药降脂药
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors HMG-CoA 还原酶抑制剂
Nicotinic acid 烟酸
Clofibrate 氯贝丁酯
抗血小板药物
溶栓药
recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator ,rt-PA 重组组织型纤维蛋白酶原激活剂
抗凝药

操作
interventional therapy for cardiovascular diseases 心血管病介入性治疗
Holter ECG monitoring 动态心电图
Ultrasound angioplasty 超声消融术
Directional coronary atherectomy 定向旋切术
High frequency rotational atherectomy 高频旋磨术
Laser angioplasty 激光血管成形术
Catheter ablation 心导管消融
Radiofrequency catheter ablation 经导管射频消融
Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty(PBMV)经皮穿刺球囊二尖瓣成形术
Percutaneous balloon pulmonic valvuloplasty(PBPV)经皮穿刺球囊肺动脉瓣成形术
Percutaneous transluminal septial myocardial ablation,(PTSMA)经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术
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Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 经皮穿刺腔内冠状动脉成形术
Percutaneous intracoronary stent implantation 经皮穿刺冠状动脉内支架安置术
Transluminal Extraction catheter (TEC)经皮血管内切吸导管
Artificial cardiac pacing 人工心脏起搏
Multisite cardiac pacing 多部位心脏起搏
Biatrial pacing 双心房起搏
biventricular pacing 双心室起搏
bifocal pacing 双灶起搏
Heart transplantation 心脏移植
Angiojet rheolytic thrombectomy 新鲜血栓吸引术
Upright tilt-table testing 直立倾斜试验
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)置入型心律转复除颤器
Thumpversion 捶击复律
Cough-version 咳嗽复律
Cardioversion 心脏电复律
Defibrillation 心脏电除颤
Revascularization 血管重建

其它
Hemolytic streptococcus 甲族乙型溶血性链球菌
Antithymocyte globulin (ATG)抗胸腺细胞球蛋白
Vagus nerve 迷走神经,
Brainstem death 脑干死亡
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Brain death 脑死亡
Myocardial remodeling 心肌重塑
Hemodynamics 血液动力学
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)心钠素
Vasopressin 血管加压素,抗利尿激素
Bradykinin 缓激肽
Triggered activity 触发活动
Afterdepolarization 后除极
Late ventricular potential 心室晚电位
Sinus node recovery time(SNRT) 窦房结恢复时间
Sinoatrial conduction time(SACT) 窦房传导时间
Intrinsic heart rate 固有心率
Accessory atrioventricular pathways 房室旁路
Atriohisian tracts 房希氏束
Nodoventricular fibers 结-室纤维
Fasciculoventricular fibers 分支室纤维
Insulin resistance 胰岛素抵抗
Vasodepressor response 血管减压反应
Pulsus tardus 细迟脉
Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度
Systolic anterior motion(SAM) (二尖瓣前叶)收缩期前向运动
Intermittent claudication 间歇性跛行
以下这些皮肤科的词汇是在网上收集的,希望对有需要的人有用。
头癣 tinea capitis  体癣 tinea corporis
股癣 tinea cruris  手癣 tinea manum
足癣 tinea pedis  甲真菌病 tinea unguium, onychomycosis
花斑癣 tinea versicolor, pityriasis versicolor
念珠菌病 candidiasis   孢子丝菌病 sporotrichosis
隐球菌病 cryptococcosis  着色性真菌病 chromomycosis
皮肤暗丝孢霉菌 phaeohyphomycosis  足菌肿 mycetoma
奴卡菌病 nocardiosis  放线菌病 actinomycosis
糠秕孢子菌性毛囊炎 Pityrosporum folliculitis
脓疱疮 impetigo    毛囊炎 folliculitis
须疮 sycosis     须部假性毛囊炎 pseudofolliculitis barbae
秃发性毛囊炎 folliculitis decalvans  疖与疖病 furuncle and furunculosis
痈 carbuncle   蜂窝织炎 cellulitis
化脓性汗腺炎 hidradenitis suppurativa  猩红热 scarlatina
丹毒 erysipelas  臁疮 ecthyma
下疳样脓皮病 chancriform pyoderma  脓疱性细菌疹 pustular bacterid
化脓性甲沟炎 pyogenic paronychia  麻风 leprosis
皮肤结核病 tuberculosis cutis  硬红斑 erythema induratum, Bazin’s disease
游泳池肉芽肿 swimming pool granuloma
猫抓病 cat-scratch disease
皮肤炭疽 cutaneous anthrax;pustula maligna
类丹毒 erysipeloid   红癣 erythrasma
腋毛癣 trichomycosis axillaris  Reiter病 Reiter’s disease
流行性斑疹伤寒 epidemic typhus
项部瘢痕疙瘩性毛囊炎 folliculitis keloidalis nuchae
接触性皮炎 contact dermatitis  湿疹 eczema
遗传性过敏性皮炎 atopic dermatitis,AD  
自身敏感性皮炎 autosensitization dermatitis
荨麻疹 urticaria   血管性水肿 angioedema
丘疹性荨麻疹 papular urticaria  药疹 epispasis,drug eruption
遗传性血管性水肿 hereditary angioedema 
尿布皮炎 diaper dermatitis  汗疱疹 pompholyx
系统性接触性皮炎 systemic contact dermatitis
红斑狼疮 lupus erythematosus  皮肌炎 dermatomyositis, DM
硬皮病 scleroderma  混合结缔组织病 MCT; mixed connected tissue
嗜酸性筋膜炎 eosinophilic fasciitis  干燥综合征 Sjogren syndrome, SS
重叠综合征 OS;overlap syndrome
幼年性类风湿性关节炎juvenil rheumatoid arthritis
嗜酸性粒细胞增多症 eosinophilia
类风湿性嗜中性皮病 Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis
多形红斑 erythema multiforme
离心性环状红斑 erythema annulare centrifugum
慢性游走性红斑 erythema chronicum migrans
匍形性回状红斑 erythema gyratum repens
银屑病 psoriasis  副银屑病 parapsoriasis
玫瑰糠疹 pityriasis rosea  单纯糠疹 pityriasis simplex
毛发红糠疹 pityriasis rubra pilaris  扁平苔藓 lichen planus
硬化性萎缩性苔藓 lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
鳞状毛囊角化 keratosis follicularis squamosa
线状苔藓 lichen striatus   红皮病 erythroderma
雀斑 freckle   色素痣 pigmented nevus
咖啡斑 café-au-lait spots  黄褐斑 chloasma
白癜风 vitiligo 寻常痤疮 acne vulgaris
脂溢性皮炎 seborrheic dermatitis  石棉状糠疹 pityriasis amiantacea
酒糟鼻 acne rosacea  激素性皮炎 hormonous dermatitis
口周皮炎 perioral dermatitis 多汗症 hidrosis; hyperhidrosis
无汗症 anhidrosis  臭汗症 bromidrosis, bromhidrosis
斑秃 alopecia areata  假性斑秃 pseudopelade
男性型脱发 male-pattern alopecia;MPA
多毛症 polytrichia;polytrichosis   白发 canities
梅毒 syphilis    淋病 gonnorrhea
尖锐湿疣 condyloma acuminatum
分子遗传学常用词汇(中文)


腺嘌呤Adenine(A):一种碱基,和胸腺嘧啶T结合成碱基对。

等位基因(Alleles):同一个基因座位上的多种表现形式。一般控制同一个性状,比如眼睛的颜色等。

氨基酸(Amino Acid):共有20种氨基酸组成了生物体中所有的蛋白质。蛋白质的氨基酸序列和由遗传密码决定。

扩增(Amplification):对某种特定DNA片段拷贝数目增加的方法,有体内扩增和体外扩增两种。(参见克隆和PCR技术)

克隆矩阵(Arrayed Library):一些重要的重组体的克隆(以噬菌粒,YAC或者其他作载体),这些重组体放在试管中,排成一个二维矩阵。这种克隆矩阵有很多应用,比如筛选特定的基因和片段,以及物理图谱绘制等。从每种克隆得到的遗传连锁信息和物理图谱信息都输入到关系数据库中。

自显影技术(Autoradiography):使用X光片来显示使用放射性元素标记的DNA片段的位置,常用在使用凝胶将DNA片段按照片段大小分离之后,显示各个DNA片段的位置。

常染色体(Autosome):和性别决定无关的染色体。人是双倍体动物,每个体细胞中都含有46条染色体,其中22对是常染色体,一对是性染色体(XX或者XY)。

噬菌体(Bacteriophage):参见phage

碱基对(Base Pair,bp):两个碱基(A和T,或者C和G)之间靠氢键结合在一起,形成一个碱基对。DNA的两条链就是靠碱基对之间的氢键连接在一起,形成双螺旋结构。

碱基序列(Base sequence):DNA分子中碱基的排列顺序。

碱基序列分析(Base Sequence Analysis):分析出DNA分子中碱基序列的方法(这种方法有时能够全自动化)

cDNA:参见互补DNA

厘摩(cM):一种度量重组概率的单位。在生殖细胞形成的减数分裂过程中,常常会发生同源染色体之间的交叉现象,如果两个标记之间发生交叉的概率为1%,那么它们之间的距离就定义为1cM。对人类来说,1cM大致相当于1Mbp。

着丝点(Centromere):在细胞的有丝分裂过程中,从细胞的两端发出纺锤丝,连接在染色体的着丝点上,将染色体拉向细胞的两级。

染色体(Chromosome):细胞核中能够自我复制的部分,包含承载遗传信息的DNA分子。原核生物中只有一个呈环状的染色体;而真核生物中一般包含多个染色体,每条染色体都由DNA和蛋白质构成。

克隆库(Clone Bank):参见基因组文库(genomic library)。

克隆 (名词,Clones):从同一个亲代细胞形成的一组细胞。

克隆(动词,Cloning):形成大量子细胞的无性繁殖过程,这些子细胞和亲代细胞完全相同,这个过程称为克隆。

克隆载体(Cloning Vector):通常采用从病毒、质粒或高等生物细胞中获取的DNA作为克隆载体,在载体上插入合适大小的外源DNA片段,并注意不能破坏载体的自我复制性质。将重组后的载体引入到宿主细胞中,并在宿主细胞中大量繁殖。常见的载体有质粒,噬菌粒,酵母人工染色体。

互补DNA(cDNA):以信使RNA为模板合成的DNA,常常采用互补DNA的一条链作为绘制物理图谱时的探针。

互补序列(Complementary sequence):以一条核苷酸链为模板,根据碱基互补规则形成的互补链,称为该模板的互补序列。

保守序列(Conserved Sequence ):指DNA分子中的一个核苷酸片段或者蛋白质中的氨基酸片段,它们在进化过程中基本保持不变。

邻接图谱(Contig Map):邻接图谱描述覆盖了整个染色体的小片段的顺序关系,这些小片段相互邻接,两个片段通过有重叠部分推断出两者相互邻接。

邻接片段(Contigs):染色体片段的克隆,两个片段通过有重叠部分推断出两者相互邻接

噬菌粒(Cosmid):人工构造的含有Lambda抗菌素的cos基因的克隆载体。噬菌粒能够引入到???Lambda抗菌素微粒中,然后注入到大肠杆菌中去,这样我们就可以将长达45kb的DNA片段引入到宿主细菌的质粒载体中。

交叉(Crossing over):在减数分裂时,来自父本的染色体和来自母本的染色体有时会发生断裂,然后交换断裂部分重新组合成新的染色体,这种交叉常常会导致等位基因的交换。

胞嘧啶(Cytosine):碱基的一种,和鸟嘌呤结合成碱基对C-G。

双倍体(Diploid):一整套遗传物质中包含成对的染色体,一条来自父本,一条来自母本。大多数动物的细胞(配子细胞除外)都含有双倍体的染色体。

脱氧核糖核酸DNA :编码遗传信息的大分子。DNA是一种双链结构,两条链之间通过碱基对之间的氢键相互连接。相互配对的核苷酸之间有着严密的规则,因此我们能够通过一条链的顺序推断出另一条链的顺序。

DNA复制(replication):以现有DNA的一条链为模板合成一条新的链。在人类和其他真核生物细胞中,DNA的复制在细胞核中进行。

DNA序列(sequence):DNA片段、基因、染色体、基因组中的碱基排列顺序。

结构域(Domain):蛋白质中一个有着特定功能的独立单元。多个结构域共同构成蛋白质的功能。

双螺旋(Double Helix):DNA的两条链互相缠绕在一起,形成一种双螺旋结构。

大肠杆菌(E Coli):细菌的一种。遗传学家对大肠杆菌研究得比较透彻,大肠杆菌的染色体比较小,通常没有致病性,易于培养。

电泳技术(Electrophoresis):分离大分子的一种方法,能够从一堆混杂在一起的DNA或者蛋白质中依据各个片段的大小将它们分开。一般在介质两端加电压,介质一端设有小槽,槽内放有待分离的大分子溶液,在电场的作用下,大分子会从一端向另一端运动,但是由于自身的大小或分子量的不同,它们的泳动速度是不同的,因此我们可以根据它们的位置将它们分离开来。常用的介质有琼脂糖和聚丙稀酰胺。

内切核酸酶(Endonuclease):内切核酸酶能够在核酸底物的某个内部切点上切开。

酶(Enzyme):一种特殊的具有催化作用的蛋白质,它能够加快生化反应的速度,但是不改变反应的方向和产物。

真核生物(Eukaryote):细胞或生物自身有细胞膜包被,有结构独立的细胞核,以及发育完全的细胞器。除了病毒、细菌和蓝藻绿藻外,绝大多数生物都是真核生物。

外显子(Exons):基因中有编码蛋白质功能的部分。

外切酶(Exonclease):外切酶从DNA片段的自由端开始酶切。

荧光原位杂交(FISH:fluorescence in situ hybridization):荧光原位杂交方法是一种物理图谱绘制方法,使用荧光素标记探针,以检测探针和分裂中期的染色体或分裂间期的染色质的杂交。

流式细胞术:根据细胞或者染色体的光吸收性和光发射性对材料进行分析的方法。

配子(Gamete):成熟的雄性或雌性生殖细胞(精子或卵子),只有单倍体的染色体。

基因(Gene):遗传的基本结构和功能单位。基因是特定染色体上特定位置的一段核苷酸片段,能够编码特定功能的蛋白质。

基因表达(Gene Expression):基因编码的信息转化为细胞结构并在细胞中行使功能的过程。包括转录成信使RNA接着翻译成蛋白质的基因,以及转录成RNA但是不翻译成蛋白质的基因。

基因家族(Gene Families):一组关系紧密,表达产物相似的基因。

基因图谱(Gene Mapping):在一个DNA分子上决定基因的顺序及其相互间的距离。包括遗传图谱和物理图谱。

基因产物(Gene Product):基因表达过程中形成的RNA或蛋白质。基因表达产物的多少常用来衡量一个基因的表达活性,如果一个基因的表达产物异常减少的话,这种基因产物的数量异常常常预示着疾病基因的存在。

遗传密码(Genetic Code):信使RNA上每三个一组的核苷酸序列,决定了蛋白质肽链上的一个氨基酸。DNA上的碱基序列控制形成信使RNA上的核苷酸序列,进而决定了蛋白质肽链上的氨基酸序列。

遗传学(genetics):研究特定性状的遗传行为的科学。

基因组(Genome):一种生物所有染色体上的遗传物质,称为基因组,基因组的大小常常采用碱基对的数目来表示。

基因组计划(Genome Project):基因组计划的目标是绘制基因组的图谱,对基因组进行测序。

基因组文库(Genomic Library):对某个染色体,制备随机产生的、相互之间有重叠部分的片段的克隆。

鸟嘌呤(Guanine):碱基的一种,和胞嘧啶以氢键连接形成碱基对C-G.

单倍体(Haploid):单倍体细胞中只有一套染色体(是体细胞中的染色体数目的一半),比如动物的精子和卵子、植物的卵细胞和花粉都是单倍体细胞。

杂和体(Heterozygosity):同源染色体的某个位点上有不同的等位基因,这个细胞就称为杂和体。

Homeobox:很多基因中都会发现一些共同的碱基序列。对果蝇和人类的研究都发现了Homeobox的存在。在果蝇中存在一种Homeobox, 它能界定哪些基因在何时表达。。

同源性(Homologies):指同种类不同个体或者不同种类个体之间的,染色体或者蛋白质序列的相似性

同源染色体(Homologous Chromosome):一对染色体,分别来自父本和母本,染色体上有着相同的线性基因序列。

基因治疗(Human Gene Therapy):直接在细胞中引入正常的DNA以治疗遗传疾病的方法。

人类基因组行动计划:是自1986年美国能源部

领导的项目的总称。包括(1):建立某个染色体的DNA片段的顺序(2)开发分析基因图谱和测序的算法(3)开发DNA检测和分析的新设备。现在的名称是人类基因组计划。而整个美国的有关工作则称为人类基因组项目,由美国能源部和国立卫生研究院共同领导。

杂交(Hybridization):两段互补的DNA单链,或者一段DNA单链和一段RNA依照碱基互补规则形成一条双链的过程。

生物信息学(Informatics):使用计算机和统计方法作为工具,管理从试验中得到的大量信息。生物信息学包括:数据库搜索的快速算法,对DNA的分析方法,从DNA序列来预测蛋白质的序列和结构。

原位杂交(in situ hybridization):使用DNA或者RNA探针来检测与其互补的另一条链在细菌或其他真核细胞中的位置。

分裂间期(interphase):整个细胞周期中的一部分,在这个期间细胞完成染色体中DNA的复制和相关蛋白质的合成,染色体呈现出染色质的形态即长的细丝状。

内含子(Introns):基因中除了外显子,剩余的DNA序列就构成了内含子,内含子被转录成RNA,但是接着就被剪切掉,因此内含子不编码蛋白质。

体外(in vitro):在一个活体生物之外。比如DNA的体外复制,它不使用将外源DNA引入到宿主细胞内进行大量繁殖的方法。

染色体组型(Karyotype):描述一个生物体内所有染色体的大小、形状和数量信息的图象。这种组型技术可用来寻找染色体歧变同特定疾病的关系,比如:染色体数目的异常增加、形状发生异常变化等。

文库(library):从某条染色体上制取的DNA片段未经排序的克隆集合,克隆之间的顺序关系可以通过物理图谱来显示。

连锁关系(Linkage):两个标记之间的邻接关系。如果两个标记间距离比较近的话,那么在减数分裂发生交叉,两个标记被分离的概率就比较小。

连锁图谱(Linkage Map):染色体上两个遗传位点之间相对位置的关系。两个位点之间的距离依据它们共同遗传的概率来确定。

定位(Localize):确定一个基因或者标记在染色体上的原始位置。

位点(Locus:Loci as pl):染色体上一个基因或者标记的位置。位点有时特指DNA上有表达功能的部分。

酶切图谱(Macrorestriction Map):描述限制性内切酶的酶切点的位置和距离信息的图谱。

标记(Marker):染色体上一个可以被识别的区域(比如限制性内切酶的酶切点,基因的位置等)。标记的遗传能够被检测出来。标记可以是染色体上有表达功能的部分(比如基因),也可以是没有编码蛋白质功能但遗传特性能够被检测出来的部分。

减数分裂(Meiosis):精母细胞或卵母细胞的染色体只复制一次,但是两次连续的分裂,最终产生4个子细胞,每个子细胞的染色体数目减半。

信使RNA(MessengerRNA):携带遗传信息,在蛋白质合成时充当模板的RNA。

四分体时期(Metaphase):在有丝分裂和无丝分裂过程中,每条染色体经过复制都形成两条姐妹染色单体,这样两条同源染色体就包含4条染色单体,它们在纺锤丝的牵引下,排列在赤道板上。此时最适宜对染色体进行观察。

有丝分

Mult裂(Mitosis):细胞的一种繁殖方式,每个细胞都形成和亲代细胞两个完全相同的子细胞。iplexing:一种同时采用多种样品的测序方法,能够大大提高测序速度。

突变(Mutation):DNA序列上任一种可以被遗传的变易。

核苷酸(Nucleotide):DNA和RNA的基本组成部分,通常包含一分子核糖,一分子磷酸和一分子碱基。多个核苷酸通过磷酸二酯键连接成一条链状。

细胞核(Nucleos):真核细胞中的一种细胞器,内含遗传物质。

癌基因(Oncogene):一种能够导致癌症的基因。许多致癌基因都直接或间接地控制细胞的成长速度。

噬菌体(phage):一种以细菌为宿主细胞的病毒。

物理图谱(Physics Map):物理图谱描绘DNA上可以识别的标记的位置和相互之间的距离(以碱基对的数目为衡量单位),这些可以识别的标记包括限制性内切酶的酶切位点,基因等。物理图谱不考虑两个标记共同遗传的概率等信息。对于人类基因组来说,最粗的物理图谱是染色体的条带染色模式,最精细的图谱是测出DNA的完整碱基序列。

质粒(Plasmid):质粒是细菌的染色体外能够自我复制的环状DNA分子。它能够和细胞核中的染色体明显地区别开来,而且并不是细胞生存的必要物质。一些质粒适宜于引入到宿主细胞中去,并利用宿主细胞的DNA大量繁殖,因此我们常常采用质粒作为外源DNA的载体,外源DNA借助于质粒在宿主细胞中大量繁殖。

多基因病(Polygenic Disorder):有多个基因位点共同决定的遗传病(如心脏病、糖尿病、一些癌症等)。这类疾病的遗传由多个基因位点共同控制,因而比单基因病的遗传更为复杂。

多聚酶链式反应(PCR):一种体外扩增DNA的方法。PCR使用一种耐热的多聚酶,以及两个含有20个碱基的单链引物。经过高温变性将模板DNA分离成两条链,低温退火使得引物和一条模板单链结合,然后是中温延伸,反应液的游离核苷酸紧接着引物从5‘端到3’端合成一条互补的新链。而新合成的DNA又可以继续进行上述循环,因此DNA的数目不断倍增。

多聚酶(Polymerase):多聚酶具有催化作用,能够加快游离的核苷酸和DNA模板结合形成新链的反应速度。

多态性(Polymorphism):多个个体之间DNA的差异称为多态性。DNA变异概率超过1%的变异,比较适宜作为绘制连接图谱的证据。

引物(Primer):预先制备的比较短的核苷酸链,在新链合成过程中作为引物,游离的核苷酸在引物之后按顺序和模板上的碱基结合,形成新链。

原核生物(Prokaryote):原核生物没有细胞膜,结构清晰的核以及其他细胞器。细菌是原核生物。

探针(Probe):是一条DNA单链或者一条RNA链,具有特定的序列,并且使用放射性元素或者免疫特性物质进行标记。探针和克隆库中的某条互补片段结合成一条双链结构,我们可以借助于探针的检测来获知与其互补的链的位置。

启动子(Promoter):DNA上的一个特定位点,RNA聚合酶在此和DNA结合,并由此开始转录过程。

蛋白质(Protein):一种由一条或者多条肽链构成的大分子。每条肽链上核苷酸的顺序是由基因外显子部分的碱基序列决定的。蛋白质是细胞、组织和器官的重要组成部分,每种蛋白质都具有特定的功能。酶、抗体和激素等都是蛋白质。

嘌呤(Purine):一种含氮的单环结构物。是核苷酸的重要组成部分,有腺嘌呤A和鸟嘌呤G两种。

嘧啶(Pyrimidine):一种含氮的双环结构,是核苷酸的重要组成部分。分为胞嘧啶C,胸腺嘧啶T和尿嘧啶U三种。

重组克隆(Recombinant Clone):将不同来源的DNA片段合成在一个DNA分子中,这种技术称为重组,得到的分子为重组克隆。

DNA重组技术(Recombinant DNA Technology):在细胞体外将两个DNA片段连接成一个DNA分子的技术。在适宜的条件下,一个重组DNA分子能够被引入到宿主细胞中并在宿主细胞中大量繁殖。

调控序列(regulatory regions and sequence):一段控制基因表达的DNA片段。

限制性内切酶(Restriction enzyme, endonuclease):这种酶能够识别出DNA上特定的碱基序列,并在这个位点将DNA酶切。细菌中有400中限制性内切酶,能够识别出100中DNA序列。

酶切位点(Restriction Enzyme cutting site):DNA上一段碱基的特定序列,限制性内切酶能够识别出这个序列并在此将DNA酶切成两段。

限制性长度多态性(Restriction fragment length polymorphsm):从不同个体制备的DNA,使用同一种限制性内切酶酶切,切得的片段长度各不相同。酶切片段的长度可以作为物理图谱或者连接图谱中的标记子。通常是在酶切位点处发生突变而引发的。

核糖核酸RNA(Ribonucleic acid):从细胞的细胞核和细胞质部分分离出来的化学物质。在蛋白质合成和其他生化反应中起着重要作用,RNA的结构和DNA的结构类似,都是有核苷酸按照一定顺序排列成的长链。RNA可以分为信使RNA、转运RNA、核糖体RNA以及其他类型的RNA。

核糖体RNA(Ribonsomal RNA rRNA):存在于核糖体中的RNA。

核糖体(Ribonsome):细胞质中含有rRNA和相关蛋白质的细胞器,是蛋白质的合成场所。

序列位置标签(Sequence Tagged Site, STS):一段短的DNA序列(200-500个碱基对),这种序列在染色体上只出现一次,其位置和碱基顺序都是已知的。在PCR反应中可以检测处STS来,STS适宜于作为人类基因组的一种地标,据此可以判定DNA的方向和特定序列的相对位置。ETS是cDNA上的STS。

性染色体(Sex Chromosome):在人类细胞中是X或者Y染色体,性染色体决定了个体的性别。雌性细胞中含有两个X染色体,而雄性细胞中含有1个X染色体和1个Y染色体。

鸟枪法(Shotgun method):使用基因组中的随机产生的片段作为模板进行克隆的方法。

单基因病(Single Gene Disorder):一个基因的等位基因之间发生了突变造成的疾病。

体细胞(Somatic Cells):个体中除了生殖细胞及其母细胞之外的细胞,都是体细胞。

***重复序列(Tandem repeat sequences):在染色体上一段序列的多次重复,称为***重复序列。常用来作为物理图谱中的标记子。

端粒(Telomere):是染色体的末端部分,这一特殊结构区域对于线型染色体的结构和稳定起重要作用。

转录(Transcription):以某一DNA链为模板,按照碱基互补原则形成一条新的RNA链的过程,是基因表达的第一步。

转运RNA(tRNA):转运RNA具有特殊的结构,其一端包含3个特定的核苷酸序列,能和信使RNA上的密码子按照碱基配对原则进行结合。另一端则带有一个氨基酸。因此转运RNA能够同细胞质中游离的氨基酸结合并运到核糖体上,核糖体按mRNA上的遗传信息将氨基酸装配成蛋白质。

转化(Transformation):将外源DNA整合到某一细胞基因组中的过程。。

翻译(Translation):mRNA上携带的遗传信息指导蛋白质的合成过程,称为翻译。

病毒(Virus):一种不具备细胞结构的生物体。只能寄生在宿主细胞中才能生存。病毒一般包含核酸以及外壳蛋白,有些动物的病毒的外面也偶尔覆盖一层细胞膜。病毒进入宿主细胞之后,利用宿主的合成机制复制出大量的后代。。

酵母菌人工合成染色体(Yeast Artificial Chromosome):一种能够克隆长达400Kb的DNA片段的载体,含有酵母细胞中必需的端粒、着丝点和复制起始序列。(卜东波、伍树明翻译整理)
分子遗传学常用词汇(中文)


腺嘌呤Adenine(A):一种碱基,和胸腺嘧啶T结合成碱基对。

等位基因(Alleles):同一个基因座位上的多种表现形式。一般控制同一个性状,比如眼睛的颜色等。

氨基酸(Amino Acid):共有20种氨基酸组成了生物体中所有的蛋白质。蛋白质的氨基酸序列和由遗传密码决定。

扩增(Amplification):对某种特定DNA片段拷贝数目增加的方法,有体内扩增和体外扩增两种。(参见克隆和PCR技术)

克隆矩阵(Arrayed Library):一些重要的重组体的克隆(以噬菌粒,YAC或者其他作载体),这些重组体放在试管中,排成一个二维矩阵。这种克隆矩阵有很多应用,比如筛选特定的基因和片段,以及物理图谱绘制等。从每种克隆得到的遗传连锁信息和物理图谱信息都输入到关系数据库中。

自显影技术(Autoradiography):使用X光片来显示使用放射性元素标记的DNA片段的位置,常用在使用凝胶将DNA片段按照片段大小分离之后,显示各个DNA片段的位置。

常染色体(Autosome):和性别决定无关的染色体。人是双倍体动物,每个体细胞中都含有46条染色体,其中22对是常染色体,一对是性染色体(XX或者XY)。

噬菌体(Bacteriophage):参见phage

碱基对(Base Pair,bp):两个碱基(A和T,或者C和G)之间靠氢键结合在一起,形成一个碱基对。DNA的两条链就是靠碱基对之间的氢键连接在一起,形成双螺旋结构。

碱基序列(Base sequence):DNA分子中碱基的排列顺序。

碱基序列分析(Base Sequence Analysis):分析出DNA分子中碱基序列的方法(这种方法有时能够全自动化)

cDNA:参见互补DNA

厘摩(cM):一种度量重组概率的单位。在生殖细胞形成的减数分裂过程中,常常会发生同源染色体之间的交叉现象,如果两个标记之间发生交叉的概率为1%,那么它们之间的距离就定义为1cM。对人类来说,1cM大致相当于1Mbp。

着丝点(Centromere):在细胞的有丝分裂过程中,从细胞的两端发出纺锤丝,连接在染色体的着丝点上,将染色体拉向细胞的两级。

染色体(Chromosome):细胞核中能够自我复制的部分,包含承载遗传信息的DNA分子。原核生物中只有一个呈环状的染色体;而真核生物中一般包含多个染色体,每条染色体都由DNA和蛋白质构成。

克隆库(Clone Bank):参见基因组文库(genomic library)。

克隆 (名词,Clones):从同一个亲代细胞形成的一组细胞。

克隆(动词,Cloning):形成大量子细胞的无性繁殖过程,这些子细胞和亲代细胞完全相同,这个过程称为克隆。

克隆载体(Cloning Vector):通常采用从病毒、质粒或高等生物细胞中获取的DNA作为克隆载体,在载体上插入合适大小的外源DNA片段,并注意不能破坏载体的自我复制性质。将重组后的载体引入到宿主细胞中,并在宿主细胞中大量繁殖。常见的载体有质粒,噬菌粒,酵母人工染色体。

互补DNA(cDNA):以信使RNA为模板合成的DNA,常常采用互补DNA的一条链作为绘制物理图谱时的探针。

互补序列(Complementary sequence):以一条核苷酸链为模板,根据碱基互补规则形成的互补链,称为该模板的互补序列。

保守序列(Conserved Sequence ):指DNA分子中的一个核苷酸片段或者蛋白质中的氨基酸片段,它们在进化过程中基本保持不变。

邻接图谱(Contig Map):邻接图谱描述覆盖了整个染色体的小片段的顺序关系,这些小片段相互邻接,两个片段通过有重叠部分推断出两者相互邻接。

邻接片段(Contigs):染色体片段的克隆,两个片段通过有重叠部分推断出两者相互邻接

噬菌粒(Cosmid):人工构造的含有Lambda抗菌素的cos基因的克隆载体。噬菌粒能够引入到???Lambda抗菌素微粒中,然后注入到大肠杆菌中去,这样我们就可以将长达45kb的DNA片段引入到宿主细菌的质粒载体中。

交叉(Crossing over):在减数分裂时,来自父本的染色体和来自母本的染色体有时会发生断裂,然后交换断裂部分重新组合成新的染色体,这种交叉常常会导致等位基因的交换。

胞嘧啶(Cytosine):碱基的一种,和鸟嘌呤结合成碱基对C-G。

双倍体(Diploid):一整套遗传物质中包含成对的染色体,一条来自父本,一条来自母本。大多数动物的细胞(配子细胞除外)都含有双倍体的染色体。

脱氧核糖核酸DNA :编码遗传信息的大分子。DNA是一种双链结构,两条链之间通过碱基对之间的氢键相互连接。相互配对的核苷酸之间有着严密的规则,因此我们能够通过一条链的顺序推断出另一条链的顺序。

DNA复制(replication):以现有DNA的一条链为模板合成一条新的链。在人类和其他真核生物细胞中,DNA的复制在细胞核中进行。

DNA序列(sequence):DNA片段、基因、染色体、基因组中的碱基排列顺序。

结构域(Domain):蛋白质中一个有着特定功能的独立单元。多个结构域共同构成蛋白质的功能。

双螺旋(Double Helix):DNA的两条链互相缠绕在一起,形成一种双螺旋结构。

大肠杆菌(E Coli):细菌的一种。遗传学家对大肠杆菌研究得比较透彻,大肠杆菌的染色体比较小,通常没有致病性,易于培养。

电泳技术(Electrophoresis):分离大分子的一种方法,能够从一堆混杂在一起的DNA或者蛋白质中依据各个片段的大小将它们分开。一般在介质两端加电压,介质一端设有小槽,槽内放有待分离的大分子溶液,在电场的作用下,大分子会从一端向另一端运动,但是由于自身的大小或分子量的不同,它们的泳动速度是不同的,因此我们可以根据它们的位置将它们分离开来。常用的介质有琼脂糖和聚丙稀酰胺。

内切核酸酶(Endonuclease):内切核酸酶能够在核酸底物的某个内部切点上切开。

酶(Enzyme):一种特殊的具有催化作用的蛋白质,它能够加快生化反应的速度,但是不改变反应的方向和产物。

真核生物(Eukaryote):细胞或生物自身有细胞膜包被,有结构独立的细胞核,以及发育完全的细胞器。除了病毒、细菌和蓝藻绿藻外,绝大多数生物都是真核生物。

外显子(Exons):基因中有编码蛋白质功能的部分。

外切酶(Exonclease):外切酶从DNA片段的自由端开始酶切。

荧光原位杂交(FISH:fluorescence in situ hybridization):荧光原位杂交方法是一种物理图谱绘制方法,使用荧光素标记探针,以检测探针和分裂中期的染色体或分裂间期的染色质的杂交。

流式细胞术:根据细胞或者染色体的光吸收性和光发射性对材料进行分析的方法。

配子(Gamete):成熟的雄性或雌性生殖细胞(精子或卵子),只有单倍体的染色体。

基因(Gene):遗传的基本结构和功能单位。基因是特定染色体上特定位置的一段核苷酸片段,能够编码特定功能的蛋白质。

基因表达(Gene Expression):基因编码的信息转化为细胞结构并在细胞中行使功能的过程。包括转录成信使RNA接着翻译成蛋白质的基因,以及转录成RNA但是不翻译成蛋白质的基因。

基因家族(Gene Families):一组关系紧密,表达产物相似的基因。

基因图谱(Gene Mapping):在一个DNA分子上决定基因的顺序及其相互间的距离。包括遗传图谱和物理图谱。

基因产物(Gene Product):基因表达过程中形成的RNA或蛋白质。基因表达产物的多少常用来衡量一个基因的表达活性,如果一个基因的表达产物异常减少的话,这种基因产物的数量异常常常预示着疾病基因的存在。

遗传密码(Genetic Code):信使RNA上每三个一组的核苷酸序列,决定了蛋白质肽链上的一个氨基酸。DNA上的碱基序列控制形成信使RNA上的核苷酸序列,进而决定了蛋白质肽链上的氨基酸序列。

遗传学(genetics):研究特定性状的遗传行为的科学。

基因组(Genome):一种生物所有染色体上的遗传物质,称为基因组,基因组的大小常常采用碱基对的数目来表示。

基因组计划(Genome Project):基因组计划的目标是绘制基因组的图谱,对基因组进行测序。

基因组文库(Genomic Library):对某个染色体,制备随机产生的、相互之间有重叠部分的片段的克隆。

鸟嘌呤(Guanine):碱基的一种,和胞嘧啶以氢键连接形成碱基对C-G.

单倍体(Haploid):单倍体细胞中只有一套染色体(是体细胞中的染色体数目的一半),比如动物的精子和卵子、植物的卵细胞和花粉都是单倍体细胞。

杂和体(Heterozygosity):同源染色体的某个位点上有不同的等位基因,这个细胞就称为杂和体。

Homeobox:很多基因中都会发现一些共同的碱基序列。对果蝇和人类的研究都发现了Homeobox的存在。在果蝇中存在一种Homeobox, 它能界定哪些基因在何时表达。。

同源性(Homologies):指同种类不同个体或者不同种类个体之间的,染色体或者蛋白质序列的相似性

同源染色体(Homologous Chromosome):一对染色体,分别来自父本和母本,染色体上有着相同的线性基因序列。

基因治疗(Human Gene Therapy):直接在细胞中引入正常的DNA以治疗遗传疾病的方法。

人类基因组行动计划:是自1986年美国能源部

领导的项目的总称。包括(1):建立某个染色体的DNA片段的顺序(2)开发分析基因图谱和测序的算法(3)开发DNA检测和分析的新设备。现在的名称是人类基因组计划。而整个美国的有关工作则称为人类基因组项目,由美国能源部和国立卫生研究院共同领导。

杂交(Hybridization):两段互补的DNA单链,或者一段DNA单链和一段RNA依照碱基互补规则形成一条双链的过程。

生物信息学(Informatics):使用计算机和统计方法作为工具,管理从试验中得到的大量信息。生物信息学包括:数据库搜索的快速算法,对DNA的分析方法,从DNA序列来预测蛋白质的序列和结构。

原位杂交(in situ hybridization):使用DNA或者RNA探针来检测与其互补的另一条链在细菌或其他真核细胞中的位置。

分裂间期(interphase):整个细胞周期中的一部分,在这个期间细胞完成染色体中DNA的复制和相关蛋白质的合成,染色体呈现出染色质的形态即长的细丝状。

内含子(Introns):基因中除了外显子,剩余的DNA序列就构成了内含子,内含子被转录成RNA,但是接着就被剪切掉,因此内含子不编码蛋白质。

体外(in vitro):在一个活体生物之外。比如DNA的体外复制,它不使用将外源DNA引入到宿主细胞内进行大量繁殖的方法。

染色体组型(Karyotype):描述一个生物体内所有染色体的大小、形状和数量信息的图象。这种组型技术可用来寻找染色体歧变同特定疾病的关系,比如:染色体数目的异常增加、形状发生异常变化等。

文库(library):从某条染色体上制取的DNA片段未经排序的克隆集合,克隆之间的顺序关系可以通过物理图谱来显示。

连锁关系(Linkage):两个标记之间的邻接关系。如果两个标记间距离比较近的话,那么在减数分裂发生交叉,两个标记被分离的概率就比较小。

连锁图谱(Linkage Map):染色体上两个遗传位点之间相对位置的关系。两个位点之间的距离依据它们共同遗传的概率来确定。

定位(Localize):确定一个基因或者标记在染色体上的原始位置。

位点(Locus:Loci as pl):染色体上一个基因或者标记的位置。位点有时特指DNA上有表达功能的部分。

酶切图谱(Macrorestriction Map):描述限制性内切酶的酶切点的位置和距离信息的图谱。

标记(Marker):染色体上一个可以被识别的区域(比如限制性内切酶的酶切点,基因的位置等)。标记的遗传能够被检测出来。标记可以是染色体上有表达功能的部分(比如基因),也可以是没有编码蛋白质功能但遗传特性能够被检测出来的部分。

减数分裂(Meiosis):精母细胞或卵母细胞的染色体只复制一次,但是两次连续的分裂,最终产生4个子细胞,每个子细胞的染色体数目减半。

信使RNA(MessengerRNA):携带遗传信息,在蛋白质合成时充当模板的RNA。

四分体时期(Metaphase):在有丝分裂和无丝分裂过程中,每条染色体经过复制都形成两条姐妹染色单体,这样两条同源染色体就包含4条染色单体,它们在纺锤丝的牵引下,排列在赤道板上。此时最适宜对染色体进行观察。

有丝分

Mult裂(Mitosis):细胞的一种繁殖方式,每个细胞都形成和亲代细胞两个完全相同的子细胞。iplexing:一种同时采用多种样品的测序方法,能够大大提高测序速度。

突变(Mutation):DNA序列上任一种可以被遗传的变易。

核苷酸(Nucleotide):DNA和RNA的基本组成部分,通常包含一分子核糖,一分子磷酸和一分子碱基。多个核苷酸通过磷酸二酯键连接成一条链状。

细胞核(Nucleos):真核细胞中的一种细胞器,内含遗传物质。

癌基因(Oncogene):一种能够导致癌症的基因。许多致癌基因都直接或间接地控制细胞的成长速度。

噬菌体(phage):一种以细菌为宿主细胞的病毒。

物理图谱(Physics Map):物理图谱描绘DNA上可以识别的标记的位置和相互之间的距离(以碱基对的数目为衡量单位),这些可以识别的标记包括限制性内切酶的酶切位点,基因等。物理图谱不考虑两个标记共同遗传的概率等信息。对于人类基因组来说,最粗的物理图谱是染色体的条带染色模式,最精细的图谱是测出DNA的完整碱基序列。

质粒(Plasmid):质粒是细菌的染色体外能够自我复制的环状DNA分子。它能够和细胞核中的染色体明显地区别开来,而且并不是细胞生存的必要物质。一些质粒适宜于引入到宿主细胞中去,并利用宿主细胞的DNA大量繁殖,因此我们常常采用质粒作为外源DNA的载体,外源DNA借助于质粒在宿主细胞中大量繁殖。

多基因病(Polygenic Disorder):有多个基因位点共同决定的遗传病(如心脏病、糖尿病、一些癌症等)。这类疾病的遗传由多个基因位点共同控制,因而比单基因病的遗传更为复杂。

多聚酶链式反应(PCR):一种体外扩增DNA的方法。PCR使用一种耐热的多聚酶,以及两个含有20个碱基的单链引物。经过高温变性将模板DNA分离成两条链,低温退火使得引物和一条模板单链结合,然后是中温延伸,反应液的游离核苷酸紧接着引物从5‘端到3’端合成一条互补的新链。而新合成的DNA又可以继续进行上述循环,因此DNA的数目不断倍增。

多聚酶(Polymerase):多聚酶具有催化作用,能够加快游离的核苷酸和DNA模板结合形成新链的反应速度。

多态性(Polymorphism):多个个体之间DNA的差异称为多态性。DNA变异概率超过1%的变异,比较适宜作为绘制连接图谱的证据。

引物(Primer):预先制备的比较短的核苷酸链,在新链合成过程中作为引物,游离的核苷酸在引物之后按顺序和模板上的碱基结合,形成新链。

原核生物(Prokaryote):原核生物没有细胞膜,结构清晰的核以及其他细胞器。细菌是原核生物。

探针(Probe):是一条DNA单链或者一条RNA链,具有特定的序列,并且使用放射性元素或者免疫特性物质进行标记。探针和克隆库中的某条互补片段结合成一条双链结构,我们可以借助于探针的检测来获知与其互补的链的位置。

启动子(Promoter):DNA上的一个特定位点,RNA聚合酶在此和DNA结合,并由此开始转录过程。

蛋白质(Protein):一种由一条或者多条肽链构成的大分子。每条肽链上核苷酸的顺序是由基因外显子部分的碱基序列决定的。蛋白质是细胞、组织和器官的重要组成部分,每种蛋白质都具有特定的功能。酶、抗体和激素等都是蛋白质。

嘌呤(Purine):一种含氮的单环结构物。是核苷酸的重要组成部分,有腺嘌呤A和鸟嘌呤G两种。

嘧啶(Pyrimidine):一种含氮的双环结构,是核苷酸的重要组成部分。分为胞嘧啶C,胸腺嘧啶T和尿嘧啶U三种。

重组克隆(Recombinant Clone):将不同来源的DNA片段合成在一个DNA分子中,这种技术称为重组,得到的分子为重组克隆。

DNA重组技术(Recombinant DNA Technology):在细胞体外将两个DNA片段连接成一个DNA分子的技术。在适宜的条件下,一个重组DNA分子能够被引入到宿主细胞中并在宿主细胞中大量繁殖。

调控序列(regulatory regions and sequence):一段控制基因表达的DNA片段。

限制性内切酶(Restriction enzyme, endonuclease):这种酶能够识别出DNA上特定的碱基序列,并在这个位点将DNA酶切。细菌中有400中限制性内切酶,能够识别出100中DNA序列。

酶切位点(Restriction Enzyme cutting site):DNA上一段碱基的特定序列,限制性内切酶能够识别出这个序列并在此将DNA酶切成两段。

限制性长度多态性(Restriction fragment length polymorphsm):从不同个体制备的DNA,使用同一种限制性内切酶酶切,切得的片段长度各不相同。酶切片段的长度可以作为物理图谱或者连接图谱中的标记子。通常是在酶切位点处发生突变而引发的。

核糖核酸RNA(Ribonucleic acid):从细胞的细胞核和细胞质部分分离出来的化学物质。在蛋白质合成和其他生化反应中起着重要作用,RNA的结构和DNA的结构类似,都是有核苷酸按照一定顺序排列成的长链。RNA可以分为信使RNA、转运RNA、核糖体RNA以及其他类型的RNA。

核糖体RNA(Ribonsomal RNA rRNA):存在于核糖体中的RNA。

核糖体(Ribonsome):细胞质中含有rRNA和相关蛋白质的细胞器,是蛋白质的合成场所。

序列位置标签(Sequence Tagged Site, STS):一段短的DNA序列(200-500个碱基对),这种序列在染色体上只出现一次,其位置和碱基顺序都是已知的。在PCR反应中可以检测处STS来,STS适宜于作为人类基因组的一种地标,据此可以判定DNA的方向和特定序列的相对位置。ETS是cDNA上的STS。

性染色体(Sex Chromosome):在人类细胞中是X或者Y染色体,性染色体决定了个体的性别。雌性细胞中含有两个X染色体,而雄性细胞中含有1个X染色体和1个Y染色体。

鸟枪法(Shotgun method):使用基因组中的随机产生的片段作为模板进行克隆的方法。

单基因病(Single Gene Disorder):一个基因的等位基因之间发生了突变造成的疾病。

体细胞(Somatic Cells):个体中除了生殖细胞及其母细胞之外的细胞,都是体细胞。

***重复序列(Tandem repeat sequences):在染色体上一段序列的多次重复,称为***重复序列。常用来作为物理图谱中的标记子。

端粒(Telomere):是染色体的末端部分,这一特殊结构区域对于线型染色体的结构和稳定起重要作用。

转录(Transcription):以某一DNA链为模板,按照碱基互补原则形成一条新的RNA链的过程,是基因表达的第一步。

转运RNA(tRNA):转运RNA具有特殊的结构,其一端包含3个特定的核苷酸序列,能和信使RNA上的密码子按照碱基配对原则进行结合。另一端则带有一个氨基酸。因此转运RNA能够同细胞质中游离的氨基酸结合并运到核糖体上,核糖体按mRNA上的遗传信息将氨基酸装配成蛋白质。

转化(Transformation):将外源DNA整合到某一细胞基因组中的过程。。

翻译(Translation):mRNA上携带的遗传信息指导蛋白质的合成过程,称为翻译。

病毒(Virus):一种不具备细胞结构的生物体。只能寄生在宿主细胞中才能生存。病毒一般包含核酸以及外壳蛋白,有些动物的病毒的外面也偶尔覆盖一层细胞膜。病毒进入宿主细胞之后,利用宿主的合成机制复制出大量的后代。。

酵母菌人工合成染色体(Yeast Artificial Chromosome):一种能够克隆长达400Kb的DNA片段的载体,含有酵母细胞中必需的端粒、着丝点和复制起始序列。(卜东波、伍树明翻译整理)
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uretero ileal cutaneous diversion
断离性肾盂输尿管成形术dismembered ureteropelviop lasty 输尿管袢造瘘术loop uretero stomy
输尿管肾盂吻合术ureteroneopyelo stomy 输尿管成形术ureterop lasty
输尿管空肠皮肤尿流改
道术
uretero jejunal cutaneous diversion 输尿管乙状结肠吻合术uretero sigmo ido stomy, uretero sigmo id
anastomo sis
输尿管切除术ureterectomy 输尿管结肠吻合术uretero2co lic anastomo sis
输尿管输尿管吻合术ureterouretero stomy 输尿管膀胱吻合术ureteroneocysto stomy
回盲肠皮肤尿流改道术ileocecal cutaneous diversion 输尿管皮肤尿流改道术uretero2cutaneous diversion
阑尾输尿管成形术appendix ureterop lasty 输尿管腹膜包裹术uretero2peritonization
输尿管移植[术] transp lantation of ureter 输尿管结石calculus of ureter
输尿管梗阻ureteral obstruction 输尿管狭窄stricture of ureter
输尿管肾盂连接处狭窄stricture of uretero2pelvic junction 输尿管口狭窄stricture of uretero2vesical o rifice
输尿管绞痛ureteral co lic 巨输尿管2巨膀胱综合征megaloureter2megalocystis syndrome
输尿管子宫内膜异位症endometrio sis of ureter 大网膜输尿管成形术omentoureterop lasty
膀胱畸形defo rm ity of bladder 重复膀胱dup lication of bladder
膀胱缺如agenesis of bladder 膀胱闭锁atresia of bladder, atretocystia
膀胱膨出cystocele, vesicocele 膀胱脱垂p ro lap se of bladder
膀胱外翻exstrophy of bladder 膀胱憩室diverticulum of bladder
膀胱假性憩室false diverticulum of bladder 膀胱输尿管反流vesicoureteral reflux
膀胱静脉曲张varix of bladder 膀胱损伤injury of bladder
膀胱挫伤contusion of bladder 膀胱破裂rup ture of bladder
腹膜内膀胱破裂intraperitoneal rup ture of bladder 腹膜外膀胱破裂extraperitoneal rup ture of bladder
膀胱瘘vesical fistula 膀胱肠瘘vesicoenteric fistula
膀胱直肠瘘vesico rectal fistula 膀胱阴道瘘vesicovaginal fistula
膀胱输尿管瘘vesicoureteral fistula 膀胱子宫瘘vesicouterine fistula
细菌性膀胱炎bacterial cystitis 非特异性膀胱炎nonspecific cystitis
间质性膀胱炎interstitial cystitis 非细菌性膀胱炎nonbacterial cystitis
变应性膀胱炎allergic cystitis 气性膀胱炎emphysematous cystitis
腺性膀胱炎glandular cystitis 化学性膀胱炎chem ical cystitis
膀胱坏疽gangrene of bladder 坏疽性膀胱炎gangrenous cystitis
淋巴滤泡性膀胱炎lympho2fo llicular cystitis 滤泡性膀胱炎fo llicular cystitis
碱性痂块膀胱炎alkaline incrusted cystitis 膀胱三角区炎trigonitis
膀胱疱疹herpes of bladder 膀胱真菌病myco sis of bladder
念珠菌膀胱炎candida cystitis 膀胱梅毒syph ilis of bladder
膀胱结核tuberculo sis of bladder 膀胱白斑病leukop lak ia of bladder
囊性膀胱炎钙质沉着cystitis cystica calcino sa 膀胱肿瘤tumo r of bladder
膀胱腺瘤adenoma of bladder 膀胱乳头状瘤pap illoma of bladder
膀胱乳头状瘤病pap illomato sis of bladder 膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤inverted pap illoma of bladder
膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤pheoch romocytoma of bladder 膀胱血管瘤hemangioma of bladder
膀胱肌瘤myoma of bladder 膀胱癌carcinoma of bladder
膀胱乳头状癌pap illary carcinoma of bladder 膀胱原位癌bladder carcinoma in situ
膀胱平滑肌瘤leiomyoma of bladder 膀胱平滑肌肉瘤leiomyo sarcoma of bladder
膀胱间质瘤mesenchymal tumo r of bladder 膀胱移行细胞癌transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
膀胱鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma of bladder 膀胱葡萄状肉瘤bo tryo id sarcoma of bladder
膀胱淋巴肉瘤lympho sarcoma of bladder 膀胱肉瘤sarcoma of bladder
膀胱腺癌adenocarcinoma of bladder 膀胱结石vesical calculus
膀胱憩室结石calculus in diverticulum of bladder 膀胱碎石洗出术vesical litho lapaxy
经尿道膀胱颈切开术transureth ral vesical neck incision 耻骨上膀胱针刺吸引术sup rapubic needle asp iration of bladder
耻骨上膀胱造口术sup rapubic cysto stomy 耻骨上膀胱切开取石术sup rapubic cysto litho tomy
膀胱憩室切除术vesical diverticulectomy 膀胱切开取石术cysto lithectomy, cysto litho tomy
膀胱皮肤造口术cutaneous vesico stomy, cutaneous
cysto stomy
可控性回肠膀胱术continent ileal reservo ir, continent
ileo stomy, Kock pouch
膀胱切除术cystectomy 膀胱部分切除术partial cystectomy
膀胱全切除术to tal cystectomy 根治性膀胱切除术radical cystectomy
膀胱尿道吻合术vesicoureth ral anastomo sis 经皮膀胱造口术percutaneous cysto stomy
膀胱灌注irrigation of bladder 膀胱颈部Y2V 成形术Y2V p lasty of bladder neck
经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术transureth ral resection of bladder tumo r 尿流改道术diversion of urine, urinary diversion
外尿流改道术external urinary diversion 回肠造口术ileo stomy
回肠膀胱术ileal conduit,Bricker operation 乙状结肠膀胱sigmo id conduit
乙状结肠膀胱扩大术sigmo id augmentation cystop lasty,
sigmo id cystop lasty
回肠膀胱扩大术ileum augmentation cystop lasty, ileo2
cystop lasty
膀胱三角区乙状结肠吻
合术
trigono sigmo ido stomy 膀胱三角及输尿管间嵴
肥大
hypertrophy of trigone and interureteric
ridge
回肠膀胱尿流改道术ileal conduit diversion 稳定性膀胱stable bladder
直肠膀胱2结肠腹壁造
口术
rectal bladder and abdom inal co lo stomy 盲肠膀胱扩大术cecum augmentation cystop lasty, cecal
cystop lasty
髂腹股沟淋巴结切除术ilio inguinal lymphadenectomy 膀胱前列腺切除术cystop ro statectomy

膀胱紫癜purpura of bladder 膀胱小梁形成trabeculation of bladder
膀胱异物fo reign body in bladder 膀胱子宫内膜异位症endometrio sis of bladder
膀胱挛缩contracture of bladder 先天性膀胱颈挛缩congenital contracture of bladder neck
尿道畸形defo rm ity of ureth ra 尿道狭窄ureth ral stricture
尿道口狭窄meatal steno sis 尿道瓣膜ureth ral valve
尿道发育不全hypop lastic ureth ra 巨尿道megaloureth ra
尿道膨出ureth rocele 尿道上裂ep ispadias
尿道下裂hypo spadias 尿道憩室ureth ral diverticulum
女性尿道下裂female hypo spadias 尿道闭锁atresia of ureth ra
重复尿道dup lication of ureth ra 棱状巨尿道fusifo rm megaloureth ra
尿道损伤injury of ureth ra 尿道皮肤瘘ureth rocutaneous fistula
尿道瘘ureth ral fistula 外伤性尿道瘘traumatic ureth ral fistula
尿道直肠瘘ureth ro2rectal fistula 尿瘘urinary fistula
尿道阴道瘘ureth ro2vaginal fistula 尿道异物fo reign body in ureth ra
尿性囊肿urinoma 尿道结石calculus of ureth ra
女性尿道囊肿ureth ral cyst in female 压力性尿失禁stress incontinence
神经源性膀胱neurogenic bladder 神经性膀胱nervous bladder
机械性尿路梗阻mechanical obstruction of urinary tract 尿道球腺疾病diseases of Cowper gland
尿道综合征ureth ral syndrome 尿道扩张ureth ral sounding
尿道丝状探子ureth ral filifo rm 尿道炎ureth ritis
尿道球腺炎cowperitis 细菌性尿道炎bacterial ureth ritis
非特异性尿道炎nonspecific ureth ritis 淋菌性尿道炎gonococcal ureth ritis
非淋菌性尿道炎non2gonococcal ureth ritis 尿道球腺脓肿abscess of Cowper gland
滴虫性尿道膀胱炎trichomonal ureth ro2cystitis 尿道周围脓肿periureth ral abscess
衣原体性尿道炎ch lamydial ureth ritis 支原体性尿道炎mycop lasmal ureth ritis
尿道尖锐湿疣condylomata acum inata of ureth ra 尿道结核tuberculo sis of ureth ra
尿道球腺结核tuberculo sis of Cowper gland 尿道肿瘤tumo r of ureth ra
尿道肉阜ureth ral caruncle 尿道腺瘤adenoma of ureth ra
尿道息肉po lyp of ureth ra 女性尿道纤维息肉fibrous po lyp s of female ureth ra
尿道血管瘤hemangioma of ureth ra 尿道口血管瘤angioma of ureth ralmeatus
尿道球腺囊肿cyst of Cowper gland 尿道球腺肿瘤tumo r of Cowper gland
尿道癌carcinoma of ureth ra 尿道腺癌adenocarcinoma of ureth ra
女性后天性尿道粘膜包
涵囊肿
acquired inclusion cyst of ureth ral
ep ithelium of female
尿道球腺腺癌adenocarcinoma of bulboureth ral gland
尿道刀ureth ro tome 尿道成形术ureth rop lasty
尿道口切开术ureth ralmeato tomy 尿道口成形术ureth ralmeatop lasty
经尿道尿道瓣膜切除术transureth ral resection of ureth ral valve 压力性尿失禁悬吊术sling p rocedure fo r stress incontinence
尿道折叠术p lication operation of ureth ra 套入法尿道成形术Badenoch ureth rop lasty
尿道膀胱悬吊术M arshall2M archetti2Kranz p rocedure,
ureth rovesicopexy
经尿道男性尿道癌切
除术
transureth ral resection of male ureth ral
carcinoma
经尿道外括约肌切开术transureth ral sph inctero tomy 尿道口前移阴茎头成形术meatal advancement and glandular p lasty
尿道会师手术reconstruction of rup tured ureth ra by
Bank method
斯塔米尿道悬吊术Stamey p rocedure fo r stress urinary in2
continence
尿道狭窄扩张术dilatation of ureth ral stricture 尿道切开术ureth ro tomy
尿道切除术ureth rectomy 尿道外切开术external ureth ro tomy
尿道内切开术internal ureth ro tomy 尿道前移术ureth ral advancement
尿流改道复原术urinary undiversion 约翰松尿道成形术Johanson ureth rop lasty
尿道膀胱吻合[术] ureth rovesical anastomo sis 下丘脑2垂体2性腺轴hypo thalam ic2p ituitary2gonadal axis
下丘脑2垂体2睾丸轴hypo thalam ic2p ituitary2testicular axis 下丘脑2垂体轴hypo thalam ic2p ituitary axis
类脂性肾上腺增生lipo id adrenal hyperp lasia 纳尔逊综合征N elson syndrome
肾上腺切除术adrenalectomy 肾上腺剩余肿瘤adrenal rest tumo r
肾上腺髓质增生症adrenalmedulla hyperp lasia 嗜铬细胞瘤pheoch romocytoma
皮质醇增生症hyperco rtiso lism 原发性醛固酮[增多]症p rimary aldo steronism
非肾上腺性女性假两性
畸形
nonadrenal female p seudoherma2
ph roditism
肾上腺非功能性皮质
腺瘤
nonfunctional adrenoco rtical adenoma
肾上腺[性]性征综合征adrenogenital syndrome 前列腺囊肿cyst of p ro state
前列腺损伤injury of p ro state 前列腺静脉丛Santo rini venous p lexus
前列腺病p ro stato sis 前列腺增生[症] hyperp lasia of p ro state
变应性前列腺病allergic p ro stato sis 前列腺按摩massage of p ro state
经尿道前列腺切除综
合征
transureth ral p ro static resection
syndrome
血清前列腺酸性磷酸酶p ro static fraction of serum acid pho s2
phatase
慢性前列腺纤维化ch ronic fibro sis of p ro state 前列腺液溢p ro stato rrhea
前列腺痛症p ro statodynia 前列腺素p ro staglandin
前列腺炎p ro statitis 细菌性前列腺炎bacterial p ro statitis
放线菌性前列腺炎actinomyco tic p ro statitis 寄生虫性前列腺炎parasitic p ro statitis
肉芽肿性前列腺炎granulomatous p ro statitis 淋菌性前列腺炎gonococcal p ro statitis
滴虫性前列腺炎trichomonal p ro statitis 前列腺梅毒syph ilis of p ro state
前列腺结核tuberculo sis of p ro state, tuberculous
p ro statitis
前列腺精囊包虫病ech inococcus disease of p ro state and
sem inal vesicle
前列腺脓肿abscess of p ro state 前列腺结石calculus of p ro state
前列腺肿瘤tumo r of p ro state 前列腺腺瘤p ro static adenoma
前列腺子宫内膜样癌endometrio id carcinoma of p ro state 前列腺淋巴肉瘤lympho sarcoma of p ro state
前列腺癌肉瘤carcino sarcoma of p ro state 前列腺管内腺癌intraductal adenocarcinoma of p ro state
前列腺腺癌adenocarcinoma of p ro state 前列腺肉瘤sarcoma of p ro state
前列腺癌carcinoma of p ro state 前列腺移行细胞癌transitional cell carcinoma of p ro state
前列腺切除术p ro statectomy 耻骨上前列腺切除术sup rapubic p ro statectomy
耻骨后前列腺切除术retropubic p ro statectomy 经尿道前列腺切除[术] transureth ral p ro static resection
经尿道前列腺切开[术] transureth ral incision of p ro state 外生殖器汗腺腺瘤syringoma of external genitalia
经会阴前列腺切除术perineal p ro statectomy 经会阴前列腺全切除术to tal perineal p ro statectomy
前列腺冷冻术cryo surgery of p ro state 根治性前列腺切除术radical p ro statectomy
电切镜resecto scope 尿路上皮肿瘤uro thelial tumo r
泌尿生殖膈urogenital diaph ragm 尿路病变uropathy
尿路上皮uro thelium 尿路感染urinary tract infection
尿路梗阻urinary tract obstruction 泌尿系异物fo reign body in urinary system
泌尿生殖器外伤genitourinary trauma 泌尿生殖系统urogenital system
泌尿生殖系软斑病malakop lak ia of genitourinary system 泌尿生殖系变应性疾病allergic diseases of genitourinary system
泌尿生殖系寄生虫病parasito sis of genitourinary system 泌尿系子宫内膜异位症endometrio sis of urinary system
泌尿生殖系X 线照相术roentgenography of genitourinary system 泌尿生殖窦urogenital sinus
精囊囊肿cyst of sem inal vesicle 精液囊肿sem inal cyst, spermatocele
精索皮样囊肿dermo id cyst of spermatic co rd 输精管缺如absence of vas deferens
重复输精管dup lication of vas deferens 精索扭转to rsion of spermatic co rd
输精管畸形defo rm ity of vas deferens 精索静脉曲张varicocele
肾嗜酸细胞瘤renal oncocytoma 肾纤维脂肪瘤样病renal fibro lipomato sis
肾神经鞘瘤schwannoma of kidney 肾异种组织肿瘤heterop lastic tissue tumo r of kidney
肾窦脂肪瘤样病renal sinus lipomato sis 肾盂肿瘤tumo r of renal pelvis
肾盂乳头状瘤pap illoma of renal pelvis 肾癌renal carcinoma
肾实质癌carcinoma of renal parenchyma 肾细胞癌renal cell carcinoma
肾透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma of kidney 肾颗粒细胞癌granular cell carcinoma of kidney
肾腺癌adenocarcinoma of kidney 肾母细胞瘤W ilm s tumo r, neph roblastoma
横纹肌样肾母细胞瘤rhabdomyo idW ilm s tumo r 肾肉瘤sarcoma of kidney
肾淋巴肉瘤lympho sarcoma of kidney 肾平滑肌肉瘤leiomyo sarcoma of kidney
肾脂肪肉瘤lipo sarcoma of kidney 肾盂癌carcinoma of renal pelvis
肾盂鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis 肾盂乳头状癌pap illary carcinoma of renal pelvis
肾切开术neph ro tomy 肾切开取石术neph ro litho tomy
肾盂切开术pyelo tomy 肾盂切开取石术pyelo litho tomy
凝血块肾盂切开取石术coagulum pyelo litho tomy 扩大的肾盂切开取石术extended pyelo litho tomy
非萎缩性肾切开取石术anatroph ic neph ro litho tomy 肾2肾盂造瘘术neph ropyelo stomy
肾切除术neph rectomy 肾部分切除术partial neph rectomy
经皮肾造瘘术percutaneous neph ro stomy 肾盂造瘘术pyelo stomy
肾造瘘术neph ro stomy 自截肾autoneph rectomy
根治性肾切除术radical neph rectomy 包膜下肾切除术subcap sular neph rectomy
肾盂输尿管松解术pelviouretero lysis 肾2输尿管切除术neph ro2ureterectomy
肾盏成形术calicop lasty 肾固定术neph ropexy
肾血管重建术reno2vascular reconstruction 肾离体术bench technique of kidney
肾蒂淋巴管剥脱术stripp ing of renal lymphatic vessel 肾门上淋巴结切除术sup rah ilar lymphadenectomy
腹膜后淋巴结切除术retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy 脾肾动脉吻合术sp leno2renal arterial anastomo sis
肾病灶清除术renal caverno stomy 剖腰探查术exp lo rato ry lumbo tomy
肾动脉栓塞术embo lization of renal artery 血管梗塞性肾切除angio infarction2neph rectomy
肾鹿角状结石stagho rn stone of kidney 肾钙斑Randall p laques
肾萎缩renal atrophy 肾失用性萎缩disuse atrophy of kidney
肾动脉纤维增生病fibrop lasia of renal artery 肾紫癜purpura of kidney
迪特尔危象D ietl crisis 血管运动性肾病vasomo to r neph ropathy
莱特尔综合征Reiter syndrome 肾小球血流动力学glomerular hemodynam ics
输尿管扩张dilatation of ureter, ureterectasis 输尿管发育不良ureteral dysp lasia
巨输尿管megaloureter 发育不良性巨输尿管dysp lastic megaloureter
输尿管畸形defo rm ity of ureter 输尿管闭锁atresia of ureter
先天性异位输尿管congenital ectop ic ureter 重复输尿管dup lication of ureter
重复肾盂dup lication of pelvis 分叉型输尿管bifid ureter
输尿管口异位ectop ia of ureteral o rifice 输尿管发育不全ureteral hypop lasia
远段输尿管不发育distal ureteral ap lasia 输尿管缺如agenesis of ureter
腔静脉后输尿管retrocaval ureter 髂动脉后输尿管retro iliac ureter, p reureteral iliac artery
输尿管脱垂p ro lap se of ureter, ureterocele 盲端异位输尿管膨出blind ectop ic ureterocele
正常位输尿管膨出o rtho top ic ureterocele 输尿管憩室diverticulum of ureter
输尿管积水hydroureter 输尿管肾盂连接处梗阻obstruction at ureteropelvic junction
先天性巨输尿管congenitalmegaloureter 反流性巨输尿管reflux megaloureter
输尿管损伤injury of ureter 输尿管肠瘘uretero2enteric fistula
输尿管瘘ureteral fistula 输尿管阴道瘘uretero2vaginal fistula
输尿管炎ureteritis 输尿管周围炎periureteritis
囊性输尿管炎ureteritis cystica 颗粒性输尿管炎ureteritis granulo sa
输尿管结核tuberculo sis of ureter 输尿管白斑病leukop lak ia of ureter
输尿管梅毒syph ilis of ureter 输尿管放线菌病actinomyco sis of ureter
输尿管息肉po lyp of ureter 输尿管肿瘤tumo r of ureter
输尿管乳头状瘤pap illoma of ureter 输尿管癌carcinoma of ureter
输尿管移行细胞癌transitional cell carcinoma of ureter 输尿管乳头状癌pap illary carcinoma of ureter

肾盂源性囊肿pyelogenic cyst 肾钙化囊肿calcified cyst of kidney
肾盂旁囊肿parapelvic cyst 肾旁假囊肿pararenal p seudocyst
肾周围囊肿perineph ric cyst 肾盂周围囊肿peripelvic cyst
肾出血性囊肿hemo rrhagic cyst of kidney 肾小球囊肿病glomerulocystic disease
肾损伤injury of kidney 肾挫伤contusion of kidney
肾裂伤laceration of kidney 肾破裂rup ture of kidney
肾蒂断裂rup ture of renal pedicle 肾穿透伤penetrating injury of kidney
肾小管破裂tubulo rrhexis 肾梗死infarction of kidney, renal infarction
穹窿静脉瘘fo rnico2venous fistula 肾盂毛细血管扩张症telangiectasis of renal pelvis
肾积水hydroneph ro sis 巨大肾积水giant hydroneph ro sis
肾内肾积水intrarenal hydroneph ro sis 肾小管反流renal tubular backflow
肾盂间质反流pyelo interstitial backflow 肾盂静脉反流pyelovenous backflow
肾盂淋巴反流pyelo lymphatic backflow 肾单位肾小球滤过率neph ron glomerular filtration rate
腺性肾盂炎pyelitis glandularis 囊性肾盂炎pyelitis cystica
气性肾盂肾炎emphysematous pyeloneph ritis 黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎xanthogranulomatous pyeloneph ritis
细菌性肾盂肾炎bacterial pyeloneph ritis 肾积脓pyoneph ro sis
肾脓肿renal abscess 肾皮质脓肿co rtical abscess of kidney
肾皮质坏死co rtical necro sis of kidney 肾髓质坏死medullary necro sis of kidney
肾痈renal carbuncle 病理性肾结核patho logical renal tuberculo sis
临床肾结核clinical renal tuberculo sis 肾盏结核tuberculo sis of calyx
肾结核对侧肾积水renal tuberculo sis w ith contralateral hy2
droneph ro sis
肾错构瘤hamartoma of kidney, angiomyo lipoma
of kidney
脓性肾积水pyohydroneph ro sis 肾淀粉样变性amylo ido sis of kidney
膀胱淀粉样变性amylo ido sis of bladder 坏死性肾乳头炎necro tizing pap illitis of kidney
肾盂白斑病leukop lak ia of renal pelvis 镰状细胞肾病sick le cell neph ropathy
海绵肾medullary sponge kidney 急性尿酸盐肾病acute urate neph ropathy
肾肿瘤tumo r of kidney 肾良性肿瘤benign renal tumo r
肾平滑肌瘤leiomyoma of kidney 肾假性瘤p seudo tumo r of kidney
多房性囊性肾瘤multilocular cystic neph roma 肾盂血管瘤hemangioma of renal pelvis
肾血管瘤hemangioma of kidney 肾动脉瘤aneurysm of renal artery
肾血管外皮细胞瘤renal hemangiopericytoma 肾脂肪瘤lipoma of kidney
肾皮质腺瘤renal co rtical adenoma 肾纤维瘤renal fibroma
中胚叶肾瘤mesoblastic neph roma 肾淋巴瘤renal lymphoma
肾淋巴母细胞瘤renal lymphoblastoma 肾腺瘤adenoma of kidney
肾素瘤reninoma, juxtaglomerular cell tumo r 肾门脂肪瘤样病lipomato sis of renal h ilus
肾恶性纤维组织细胞瘤malignant fibrous h istiocytoma of
kidney
肾盂移行细胞癌transitional cell carcinoma of renal
pelvis
本词汇为转贴的
好是好,赶上背字典了.
嘿嘿.
好贴!必顶!
请问各位老师,“纵向叩击痛”怎么翻译,求教。
纵向叩击痛 length wise percussion pain
俺也积累一些词汇,希望与大家共享
中英文大学课程对照表:
应用生物学 Applied Biology 医学技术 Medical Technology
细胞生物学 Cell Biology 医学 Medicine
生物学 Biology 护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia
进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology 口腔外科学 Oral Surgery
海洋生物学 Marine Biology 口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences
微生物学 Microbiology 骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine
分子生物学 Molecular Biology 耳科学 Otology
医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy
口腔生物学 Oral Biology 足病医学 Podiatric Medicine
寄生物学 Parasutology 眼科学 Ophthalmology
植物生物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学 Preventive Medicine
心理生物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology
放射生物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling
理论生物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing
野生生物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing
环境生物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学 Therapeutics
运动生物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology
有机体生物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 Veterinary Sciences
生物统计学 Biometrics 牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences
生物物理学
Biophysics 牙科科学 Dentistry
生物心理学 Biopsychology 皮肤学 Dermatology
生物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学 Endocrinology
生物工艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics
生物化学 Biological Chemistry 解剖学 Anatomy
生物工程学 Biological Engineering 麻醉学 Anesthesia
生物数学 Biomathematics 临床科学 Clinical Science
生物医学科学 Biomedical Science 临床心理学 Clinical Psychology
细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology 精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing

教育程度词汇
education 学历 educational background 教育程度 educational history 学历 curriculum 课程 major 主修 minor 副修 educational highlights 课程重点部分 curriculum included 课程包括 specialized courses 专门课程 courses taken 所学课程 courses completed 所学课程 special training 特别训练 social practice 社会实践 part-time jobs 业余工作 summer jobs 暑期工作 vacation jobs 假期工作 refresher course 进修课程 extracurricular activities 课外活动 physical activities 体育活动 recreational activities 娱乐活动 academic activities 学术活动 social activities 社会活动 rewards 奖励 scholarship 奖学金 "Three Goods" student 三好学生 excellent League member 优秀团员 excellent leader 优秀干部 student council 学生会 off-job training 脱产培训 in-job training 在职培训 educational system 学制 academic year 学年 semester 学期(美) term 学期 (英) president 校长 vice-president 副校长 dean 院长 assistant dean 副院长 academic dean 教务长 department chairman 系主任 professor 教授 associate professor 副教授 guest professor 客座教授 lecturer 讲师 teaching assistant 助教 research fellow 研究员 research assistant 助理研究员 supervisor 论文导师 principal 中学校长(美)headmaster 中学校长(英)master 小学校长 (美) dean of studies 教务长 dean of students 教导主任 dean of students 教导主任teacher 教师 probation teacher 代课教师 tutor 家庭教师 governess 女家庭教师 intelligence quotient 智商pass 及格 fail 不及格 marks 分数 grades 分数 scores 分数 examination 考试 grade 年级 class 班级 monitor 班长 vice-monitor 副班长 commissary in charge of studies 学习委员 commissary in charge of entertainment 文娱委员 commissary in charge of sports 体育委员 commissary in charge of physical labor 劳动委员 Party branch secretary 党支部书记 League branch secretary 团支部书记 commissary in charge of organization 组织委员 commissary in charge of publicity 宣传委员 degree 学位 post doctorate 博士后 doctor (Ph.D) 博士 master 硕士 bachelor 学士 student 学生 graduate student 研究生 abroad student 留学生returned student 回国留学生 foreign student 外国学生 undergraduate 大学肄业生senior 大学四年级学生;高中三年级学生 Junior 大学三年级学生;高中二年级学生 sophomore 大学二年级学生;高中一年级学生 freshman 大学一年级学生 guest student 旁听生(英) auditor 旁听生(美) government-supported student 公费生 commoner 自费生 extern 走读生 day-student 走读生 intern 实习生 prize fellow 奖学金生 boarder 寄宿生 classmate 同班同学 schoolmate 同校同学 graduate 毕业生

工作经历词汇
accomplish 完成(任务等)achievements 工作成就,业绩adapted to 适应于adept in 善于administer 管理advanced worker 先进工作者 analyze 分析appointed 被任命的assist 辅助authorized 委任的;核准的 be promoted to 被提升为 be proposed as 被提名为;被推荐为behave 表现breakthrough 惊人的进展,关键问题的解决break the record 打破记录business background 工作经历business experience 工作经历business history 工作经历 conduct 经营,处理control 控制cost 成本;费用create 创造decrease 减少demonstrate 证明,示范design 设计develop 开发,发挥devise 设计,发明direct 指导double 加倍,翻一番 duties 职责earn 获得,赚取effect 效果,作用eliminate 消除employment experience工作经历employment record 工作经历employment 工作enlarge 扩大enliven 搞活enrich 使丰富establish 设立(公司等);使开业;确立evaluation 估价,评价excellent League member 优秀团员 excellent Party member 优秀党员execute 实行,实施 expand 推广;扩大expedite 加快;促进experience 经历exploit开发(资源,产品)export 出口found 创立generate 产生good at 擅长于 guide 指导;操纵implement 完成,实施import 进口improve 改进,提高increase 增加influence 影响initiate 创始,开创innovate 改革,革新inspired 受启发的;受鼓舞的 install 安装integrate 使结合;使一体化introduce 采用,引进invent 发明 invest 投资 job title 职位justified 经证明的;合法化的 launch 开办(新企业) lead 领导lengthen 延长lessen 减少(生产成本)level 水平localize 使地方化maintain 保持;维修make 制造manage 管理,经营manufacture 制造mastered 精通的modernize 使现代化motivate 促进,激发 negotiate 谈判nominated 被提名的;被任命的 occupational history 工作经历operate 操作,开动(机器等),经营(厂矿)organize 组织 originate 创始,发明 overcome 克服(困难等) participate in 参加perfect 使完善;改善 perform 执行,履行plan 计划 position 职位professional history 职业经历 professional 职业经历profit 利润promote 生产,制造promote 推销(商品);创立(企业)等 provide 提供,供应raise 提高reach 达到realize 实现(目标等);获得(利润)receive 收到,得到,接受recognize 认清(职责等)recommended 被推荐的;被介绍的 reconsolidate 重新巩固;重新整顿reconstruct 重建 recorded 记载的recover 恢复;弥补 rectify 整顿,调整redouble 加倍,倍增 reduce 减少,降低(成本等)refine 精练,精制 reform 改革regenerate 更新,使更生registered 已注册的 regularize 使系统化 regulate 控制(费用等) rehandle 重铸;重新处理 rehash 以新形式处理(旧材料)reinforce 加强reckon 计算(成本等)renew 重建,换新renovate 革新;修理 repair 修复,修补replace 接替,替换 representative 代表,代理人research 调查,研究resolve 解决responsibilities 职责second job 第二职业set 创造(纪录等)settle 解决(问题等)shorten 减低......效能show 显示,表明 significant 重要的,有效的simplify 简化,精简 solve 解决sort out 清理specific experience 具体经历speed up 加速 sponsor 主办spread 传播,扩大 standard 标准,规格 streamline 把......设计流线型strengthen 加强,巩固 study 研究succeed 成功 supervise 监督,管理supply 供给,满足(需要) systematize 使系统化target 目标,指标 test 试验,检验top 头等的,最高的 total 总数,总额translate 翻译,转化 travel 旅行unify 使成一体,统一 use 使用,运用useful 有用的 utilize 利用 valuable 有价值的vivify 使活跃 well-trained 训练有素的work experience 工作经历 work history 工作经历work 工作,起作用working model 劳动模范 worth 使......钱的,有......价值的
个人品质词汇
able 有才干的,能干的 active 主动的,活跃的 adaptable 适应性强的 adroit 灵巧的,机敏的 aggressive 有进取心的 alert 机灵的ambitious 有雄心壮志的 amiable 和蔼可亲的 amicable 友好的 analytical 善于分析的 apprehensive 有理解力的 aspiring 有志气的,有抱负的 audacious 大胆的,有冒险精神的 capable 有能力的,有才能的 careful 办事仔细的 candid 正直的 charitable 宽厚的 competent 能胜任的 confident 有信心的 conscientious 认真的,自觉的 considerate 体贴的 constructive 建设性的 contemplative 好沉思的 cooperative 有合作精神的 creative 富创造力的 dashing 有一股子冲劲的,有拼搏精神的 dedicated 有奉献精神的 devoted 有献身精神的 dependable 可靠的 diplomatic 老练的,有策略的 disciplined 守纪律的 discreet (在行动,说话等方面)谨慎的 dutiful 尽职的 dynamic 精悍的 earnest 认真的 well-educated 受过良好教育的 efficient 有效率的 energetic 精力充沛的 enthusiastic 充满热情的 expressive 善于表达 faithful 守信的,忠诚的 forceful (性格)坚强的 frank 直率的,真诚的 friendly 友好的 frugal 俭朴的 generous 宽宏大量的 genteel 有教养的 gentle 有礼貌的 hard-working 勤劳的 hearty 精神饱满的 honest 诚实的hospitable 殷勤的 humble 恭顺的 humorous 幽默的 impartial 公正的 independent 有主见的 industrious 勤奋的ingenious 有独创性的 initiative 首创精神have an inquiring mind 爱动脑筋 intellective 有智力的intelligent 理解力强的 inventive 有发明才能的,有创造力的 just 正直的kind-hearted 好心的 knowledgeable 有见识的 learned 精通某门学问的 liberal 心胸宽大的 logical 条理分明的 loyal 忠心耿耿的 methodical 有方法的 modest 谦虚的 motivated 目的明确的objective 客观的 open-minded 虚心的 orderly 守纪律的 original 有独创性的 painstaking 辛勤的,苦干的,刻苦的 practical 实际的 precise 一丝不苟的 persevering 不屈不挠的punctual 严守时刻的purposeful 意志坚强的 qualified 合格的 rational 有理性的 realistic 实事求是的reasonable 讲道理的 reliable 可信赖的 responsible 负责的 self-conscious 自觉的 selfless 无私的 sensible 明白事理的sincere 真诚的 smart 精明的 spirited 生气勃勃的 sporting 光明正大的 steady 塌实的 straightforward 老实的 strict 严格的 systematic 有系统的 strong-willed 意志坚强的 sweet-tempered 性情温和的 temperate 稳健的 tireless 孜孜不倦的

英文简历的基本内容
1. 个人情况:Name, Sex, Date of Birth, Place of Birth, Permaanent Domicile, Nationality, Martial Status, Children, Religion, Party Affiliation, Health, Height, Weight, Present Address, Permanent Address.
2. 职业意向:Objective/or: Position Wanted: A position as English Instructor, preferably handling students from the intermediate to the advanced levels
3.资历: QUALIFICATIONS: Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration, major in marketing.
4.经历(Job Experience):一般逆序写。
Job Experience
5/86-12/86 University of California Press, Berkeley, California
Editorial and Marketing Trainee
5/86-8/86 Wyatt and Duncan Interiors, Berkeley, California
Sales Clerk
5. 文化程度(Education):一般逆序写,可以包括主要课程。例如:
Master of Science with concentration in Electronics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from Sept.,1985 to June, 1987
Bechelor of Science
Beijing University, Department of Electrical Engineering, from Sept.,1981 to July, 1985
6.技术资历与特长(Technical Qualifications/ Special Skills)
7.著作及专利(Publications and Patents)
8.社会活动(Social Activity)
9.荣誉与奖励(Honours and Awards)
10.爱好及兴趣(Hobbies and Interests)
11.证明人(References)

中英文职位对照表

Health and Medical(医学与健康)
Clinical Director 医疗主任 Cardiologist 心脏病专家
Dental Hygienist 牙科保健 Chiropractor 脊椎指压治疗者
Dental Technician 牙科技师 Dental Assistant 牙科助理
Dietary Technician 食疗技师 Dentist 牙科医生
Emergency Medical Technician 急诊技师 Dietician 饮食专家
Fitness Instructor 健美师 Home Health Aide 家庭护理
Health Services Coordinator 健康服务协调员 Lab Technician 实验技师
Hospital Supervisor 医院管理员 Nurse 护士
Medical Records Clerk 病历员 Nursing Aide 看护助手
Medical Technologist 医疗专家 Nursing Supervisor 护士长
Nursing Administrator 看护员 Nutritionist 营养学家

Nursing Home Manager 家护管理员 Optician 眼科医生
Occupational Therapist 职业疗法 Orthodontist 整牙医生
Veterinary Assistant 助理兽医 Pharmacist 药学师
Pharmacy Technician 药品技师 Psychiatrist 精神病医师
Physical Therapist 理疗师 Surgeon 外科医生
Physician's Assistant 助理医师 Veterinarian 兽医
Respiratory Therapist 有氧治疗师 Pediatrician 儿科医生
Speech Pathologist 语言心理学家

Education and Library Science(教育部分)
Daycare Worker 保育员 ESL Teacher 第二外语教师
Developmental Educator 发展教育家 Head Teacher 高级教师
Foreign Language Teacher 外语教师 Librarian 图书管理员
Guidance Counselor 指导顾问 Music Teacher 音乐教师
Library Technician 图书管理员 Nanny 保姆
Physical Education Teacher 物理教师 Principal 校长
School Psychologist 心理咨询教师 Teacher 教师
Special Needs Educator 特种教育家 Teacher Aide 助理教师
Art Instructor 艺术教师 Computer Teacher 计算机教师
College Professor 大学教授 Coach 教练员
Assistant Dean of Students 助理训导长 Archivist 案卷保管员
Vocational Counselor 职业顾问 Tutor 家教、辅导教师

Executive and Managerial(管理部分)
Retail Store Manager 零售店经理 Food Service Manager 食品服务经理
Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监 HMO Administrator 医疗保险管理
Assistant Store Manager 商店经理助理 Operations Manager 操作经理
Assistant Vice-President 副总裁助理 Production Manager 生产经理
Chief Executive Officer(CEO) 首席执行官 Property Manager 房地产经理
Chief Operations Officer(COO) 首席运营官 Branch Manager 部门经理
Controller(International) 国际监管 Claims Examiner 主考官
Director of Operations 运营总监 Controller(General) 管理员
Field Assurance Coordinator 土地担保协调员 General Manager 总经理
Management Consultant 管理顾问 District Manager 市区经理
Hospital Administrator 医院管理 President 总统
Import/Export Manager 进出口经理 Product Manager 产品经理
Insurance Claims Controller 保险认领管理员 Program Manager 程序管理经理
Insurance Coordinator 保险协调员 Project Manager 项目经理
Inventory Control Manager 库存管理经理 Regional Manager 区域经理
Manager(Non-Profit and Charities) 非盈利性慈善机构管理 Service Manager 服务经理
Manufacturing Manager 制造业经理 Vending Manager 售买经理
Telecommunications Manager 电信业经理 Vice-President 副总裁
Transportation Manager 运输经理 Warehouse Manager 仓库经理

Legal and Protective Services( 法律部分)
Police Officer 警员 Fire Fighter 消防员
Police Sergeant 警官 Guard 保卫
Assistant Attorney General 首席检察官助理 Law Clerk 法律职员
Contracts Manager 合同管理员 Law Student 司法学生
Ombudsman 反贪调查员 Paralegal 律师专职助手
Security Manager 保安经理 Patent Agent 专利代理商
Legal Assistant 法律助理 Court Officer 法庭保卫
Legal Secretary 法律秘书 Court Reporter 法庭记者
Attorney 律师
主诉 chief complaints
现病史 present illness / history of present illness
既往史 past medical history
家族史 family history
个人病史 personal history / social history
曾用药物 medications
过敏史 allergies
系统回顾 system review / review of system
体检 physical examination
一般资料 physical data 生理指标physical signs
一般状况或全身状况 general appearance
头眼与耳鼻喉 head ,eyes,ear,nose,throat ,略作heent.
胸部与心肺 CHEST,heart,and lungs
腹部 abodoms
四肢extremities
神经系统nervous system,Neurological,略作CNC或Neuro,
骨骼肌系统 Musculoskeletal
泌尿生殖系统 Genitourinary
化验室资料laboratory data/ studies /diagnosis
血液检查 blood test
化学7项指标 chem.-7
心脑电图 electrocardiogram / electroencephalogram , 略作 EKG/EEG
X线检查与x光片 X-ray examination, x-ray slides,
计算机X线断层扫描与核磁共振扫描资料 computerized x-ray tomography and
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy dta. CT AND NMR
其他检查资料 other lab data
印象与诊断 impression and diagnosis
住院治疗情况 hospital course
出院医嘱 discharge instructions / recommendations
出院后用药 discharge medications
Name……………..Age…………….Sex……………..Marital status …………
Race …………….Nationality …………………. Occupation …………………
Residence………………………………………………………………………….
Chief complaint……………………………………………………………………. Present illness:…………………………………………………………………… Past history:
General health up to onset of present illness, immunization, exposure
to tuberculosis and other infections.
Previous illness: Influenza, scarlet fever, diphtheria, typhoid fever,
bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, pleurisy, tonsillitis, rheumatism or
sheumatic fever, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria or any other severe
disorders.
Operations: Date of each operation, nature, anesthetics used,
complications and length of time patient incapacilted.
Injuries: Details concerning any severe injuries .
Personal history: Birth place, former places of residence, habits.
Marital history:
Family history:
Social history:
Physical examination:
Temperature… …pulse rate… .respiratory rate…… blood pressure…….
height ………… weight …………..
General appearance:
Appearance ……physical development ……..nutrition…..status………….
posture…………..gait…
Tremors or other abnormal movements.
Mental status:
degree of consciousness…………….cooperation…………….
orientation………… emotional state…………………
Skin
color…………..texture…………….moisture………..hair-distribution…………
character of scalp………………..
Face:
appearance…………color………..tenderness………………
abnormal movements………………
Eyes:
Brows…….lids…..vision………….eyeballmotion …….prominence
tension……conjunctivae………
sclerae……..corneae………..irises………….pupils……………..size……………shape………….regularity……………….reactions…………fields………fundi
Ears:
appearance……hearing…….tenderness…….discharge……….drums …
canals…………….postauricular swelling or tenderness
Nose:
appearance ……..discharge… ………nasal cavity …………septum transillumination……………..smell…….
Mouth:
Breath……………lips …………color…………fissure………….lesions
Tongue:
tremor…..deviation………..color……..moisture……….texture……………..
Gingivae:
color…………….texture……….recession…………bleeding…………….
Lesions:
Teeth-number… ….condition… …dentures… ….buccal mucus color eruptions…….lesions……
Throat:
palate and uvula ……………….pillars………..tonsils…………
posterior pharynx………larynx…………..
Neck:
lymphnodes…………….scars………thyroid……….salivary glands………. position……….motion………veins…..pulsation…
edema……..trachea……………..
Shoulder girdle:
deformity……….swelling………….tenderness………….
freedom of movements………….muscle spasm……………….
supraclavicular or infraclavicular lymphnodes………………………
Arms and Hands:
position……..deformities…………color………………….
tenderness……………muscle strength………………. abnormal motions ..joints: edema………… freedom of movements…….temperature………… moisture………..local swellings……….vessels …………. epitrochlear lymphnodes………fingers………….nails …………..reflexes
Breasts:
size………contour……….tenderness…………….
masses……….glandular consistency………nipples…………skin color texture……………retraction………..
Axillae:
skin……….hair……..lymphnodes……….
Back:
deformities………freedom of movements…….skin ……….swelling……. tenderness…………muscle spasm………..scapulae………..
Thorax:
shape……..respiratory movements……….swelling…. pulsation
Heart:
apex impulse location…………character………..thrill………….. measurements: right border…….left border……….
supracardiac dullness………..mid clavicular ilne………souds-rate….. rhythm………..intensity……..quality of murmurs………..pulses………..
character……….condition of temporal, brachial, radial vessels
Lungs:
resonance………..diaphragmatic excursion…… ……tactile fremitus……….. breath sounds… …….whispered voic sounds……..spoken voice sounds rales………..
Abdomen:
size………shape…….scars …………tension…….percussion note masses tenderness……….spasm………….pulsation……….umbilicus…….
fluid wave………..shifting dullness………liver-dulness……….edge…….. spleen ………….kidneys………..costovertebral tenderness………herniae peristalsis: audible …..visible……bladder-dulness………..
palpable distension ……inguinal lymphnodes…..reflexes……
Legs and Feet:
Position…………deformities……….color……………..tenderness…………
muscle strength………….abnormal motions………..freedom of movements joints ……edema……..temperature…………moisture… ……local swellings ulcerations…………vessels…………arches……….toes..
Nails…….reflexes……..clonus………Kerning…….Romberg…….
Male Genitalia:
Pubic hair… …penis… …..scrotum… …testicles .epididymis cords
Female Genitalia:
pubic hair…..vulva……..vagina…….perineum……..cervix………..
fundus…………..vaults…….
Rectum:
anal orifice….sphincter tone…..fissures………hemorrhoids……..tendernessinternal obstruction …..masses…….prostate…..tenderness….
Other abnormal findings:…………
Recapitulation of important variants:……….
Impression…….
Signature………………
MEDICAL RECORD
Name: Chang Shuqin Occupation: Worker
Sex: Female Dwelling place: Number 2 , in Liulijingxili, in Beijing
Age: 45-year-old Admission date: December 16, 2003
Nationality: the Han nationality Noting date: December 16, 2003
Marriage: Married Relater: The patient herself
Native place: Beijing Reliability: Reliable
CHIEF COMPLANT
This 45-year-old married mother of one has had upper quadrant pain for one day.
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
The patient had a severe colic in the upper quadrant of her abdomen yesterday, radiating to her back, without obvious reasons. She had nausea and vomiting at that time, and the content of vomiting was the entogastric contents, without the food of the previous night and coffee matter. She felt windy at that time, with eructation. She had no fever, heart-throb or sweat. She has no current or past history of jaundice. Her exhaust was just well without stools from that time on. She then came to the emergency room to look for the medical treatment. Then and there, the result of the examination of her serum amylase was 996U/L, and the ultrasonic examination showed cholecystitis in acute period. She took the therapies of forbidding eating and drinking, lessening spasm, lessening pain, restraining the secretion of gastro-acid and supplementing of body fluid. She feels well now after above therapies. She is admitted to hospital for more treatment today.
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY
Childhood illness: No mumps, chickenpox, measles, rheumatic fever or scarlet fever.
Adult illness: Suffered from pancreatitis, cholecystitis and chololith 9 years ago. The nephrolith was found by ultrasonic examination 9 years ago.
Trauma: None significant.
Surgery: None significant.
Allergies: Allergy to Penicillin.
Medications: None at present.
Travel: Never outside Beijing.
Habits: Has never smoked tobacco or cannabis. Has never drunk. No illicit drugs. Regular diet, 3 meals a day.
Immunizations: Does not remember childhood shots.
MENSES HISTORY
Menarche age 15. Period light flow for 7 10 days every 30 days and regular, without dysmenorrhea. Last period normal, ended December 2, G2P1A1.
FAMILY HISTORY
Her father was died of cerebral hemorrhage, and her mother was died when she was very young. No family history of renal disease, liver disease, hypertension, anemia, tuberculosis.
SOCIAL HISTORY
She was born and raised in Beijing, where she married her current husband. She has married for about 17 years, and the relationship between her husband and her is harmony now. She has a 16-year-old daughter.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
T 36.2℃ R 20bpm P 80bpm BP 130/80mmHg
General: Normal development, fairly nutriture, ortho-sthenic type, painful facial features, clear consciousness, active position.
Skin: Warm, dry and well elasticity. No cyanosis, stained yellow, pigmentation, skin eruption, palmer erythema or spider angioma.
Nodes: No enlargement.
Head:
Skull: Normocephalic, without trauma. No scars or tenderness. Black and lustrous hair.
Eyes: Conjunctivae normal. No scleral icterus. Lids without lesions. Pupils equal, round, and react to light and accommodation. Vision grossly normal. Visual fields full to confrontation. Extraocular motions full, without strabismus or nystagmus. Fundus shows normal discs and vasculature. No arteriovenous nicking, silver-wiring, hemorrhage, or exudates.
Ears: Auricle normal. No puriform or haemoid secretion from external auditory canal. No tenderness over mastoid. Audition normal.
Nose: No abnormality. No nasal ala flap, obstruction, puriform or haemoid secretion. No tenderness over nasal sinuses.
Mouth: Lips, buccal mucosa without cyanopathy or lesions. Tongue well papillated, pink, midline. Teeth in good repair. Uvula midline. Oropharynx without inflammation or lesions. Bilateral tonsils without enlargement.
Neck: Supple. Trachea midline. Thyroid not enlarged and without nodules. Jugular veins flat. Venous pulses normal.
Chest and lungs: Chest wall contour normal, with symmetrical full expansion. No rib tenderness to palpation. Tactile fremitus normal. Diaphragmatic excursion 6 cm bilaterally. No percussion dullness. Lungs are clear to auscultation. No rubs heard.
Heart: No visible lifts. Point of maximal impulse palpable 1cm inside the L midclavicular line in the 5th intercostal space. No palpable thrills, lifts, heaves. Rhythm regular, rate 80. S1 and S2 normal. No murmur or rubs.
Abdomen: Flat. No scars or visible masses. Venous pattern normal. Bowel sounds normal. No hepatic or splenic rubs. No bruits. Tenderness in epigastrium without rebound tenderness. Liver and spleen not palpable, without tenderness or thump pain, without positive Murphy’s sign. No shifting dullness or fluid wave. No hernia.
Pudendum and anus: Normal
Back: No abnormality. No tenderness. Full range of motion spine.
Extremities: No acropachy, muscular atrophy or varicosity. Full range of motion articulus without tumefaction, tenderness or abnormality. No edema.
Neurologic: Corneal reflex, abdominal wall reflex, plantar reflex, biceps reflex, triceps reflex, radioperiosteal reflex, knee reflex and Achilles jerk normal. Babinski’s sign, Oppenheim’s sign, Gordon’s sign, Hoffmann’s sign, Kernig’s sign and Brudzinski’s sign negative.
LABORATORY FINDINGS
Ultrasonic examination: Cholecystitis in acute period.
Serum amylase: 996U/L
IMPRESSIONS
Acute pancreatitis.
Acute cholecystitis.
Wang Na, Interne(网友自写)
这些是我这几年来收集到的,虽然不多,帖出来与大家共享吧。嘿嘿,我是新手,得一分真不容易啊,斑竹可否加我一分,谢谢啦!
一、黄疸的表示方法
• [Latent (occult) jaundice] 隐性黄疸
• [Clinical jaundice] 显性黄疸
• [Nuclear icterus] 核黄疸
• [Physiologic icterus] 生理性黄疸
• [Icterus simplex] 传染性黄疸
• [Toxemic icterus] 中毒性黄疸
• [Hemolytic] 溶血性
• [Hepatocellular] 肝细胞性
• [Obstructive] 阻塞性
• [Congenital] 先天性
• [Familial] 家族性
• [Cholestatic] 胆汁淤积性
• [Hematogenous] 血源性
• [Malignant] 恶性
• [Painless] 无痛性
二、起病方式
•急性腹痛[acute abdominal pain]
•慢性低热[chronic lower fever]
•暴发性发病[the onset was fulminating]
•骤起胸痛[an explosive onset of chest pain]
•突然起病伴高热[the onset was sudden with high fever]
•突发突止[attacks began and ended abruptly]
•因……而突然起病[the attack is precipitated by……]
•很快发生晕厥[syncope occured rapidly]
•逐渐出现咳嗽咳痰[gradual onset of cough and sputum]
•偶而[occasionally (sporadically, accidentally)]
•反复胸闷心悸[recurrent (bouts of) chest discomfort and palpitation]
•一过性发作[transitory attack]
•连续胸痛[chest pain continually]
•时重时轻[waned and waxed]
•时好时坏[hang in the balance]
•不停地咳嗽[have a fit of cough]
•发作性呼吸困难[paroxysmal short of breath]
•频繁咳嗽[cough frequently (very often)]
•持续性(间歇性)[persistent (intermittent)]
•频发胸痛[frequent episodes of chest pain]
•持续不变[be steady]
三、病程中的一般情况
▲一般情况尚可(一般、差)[general condition is fair (ordinary, bad)]
▲胃纳佳(差)[have a good (poor) appetite]
▲过度进食[eat too much (overeat, eat heavily)]
▲过少进食[eat poorly (take little food)]
▲无食欲[have no appetite]
▲食欲减退[appetite decreases]
▲口渴[feel thirsty]
▲大量饮水[drink water generously]
▲体重增加[gain in weight]
▲体重增加8公斤[a 8 kilograms weight gain (gain 8 kilograms)]
▲体重减轻[loss of weight (weight loss)]
▲体重稳定不变[body weight is stable (unchanged, maintained)]
▲睡眠障碍[somnipathy]
▲睡眠不足[lack (want) of sleep]
▲不易入睡[have trouble getting to sleep]
▲容易入睡[fall into a sleep very easily]
▲睡眠过度[hypersomnia]
▲睡行症[sleep walking]
▲嗜(贪)睡[somnolence (be fond of sleep)]
▲夜晚因……而易醒[easily wakened at night because of……]
▲失眠[have insomnia]
▲睡眠差(好)[sleep is poor (good)]
▲消化不良[dyspepsia (have bad digestion)]
▲大(小)便通畅[stool (urination) is easy and smooth(unobstructed, clear)]
▲每日2次大便[have two stools daily]
▲含粘液的水样便[watery stools coutaining mucus]
▲便秘(腹泻)[constipation (diarrhea)]
▲排尿困难[difficulty in micturition]
▲尿频(急)[frequency(urgency) of micturition]
▲尿痛[micturition pain]
▲少尿(无尿、多尿)[oliguria (anuria, polyuria)]
▲大便失禁[fecal incontinence]
▲小便失禁[incontinence of urine]
▲精神不振[lassitude]
▲精神紧张(抑郁)[mental stress (depression)]
▲精神混乱[confusion]
▲精神失常[amentia (mental state is bad)]
▲精神状态正常[orthophrenia (mental state is good)]
▲体力旺盛(不足,正常)[hypersthenia (hyposthenia, euthesia)
四、X线检查[X-ray examination]
肺[lung]
•clear[清晰]
•enlargement of hilar shadows[肺门阴影增大]
•increase of lung markings[肺纹理增粗]
•calcified[钙化灶]
•cavitation[空洞]
•circular lesion (coin lesion)[球形病灶]
•a minimal area of density[小块阴影区]
•scattered spot(plaque-like) shadows[散在的点(片)状阴影]
•a poorly defined patchy density[边界不清的片状阴影]
•a round density[圆形致密影]
•pleural thickening[胸膜增厚]
•hazziness(blunting, obliteration) of the costophrenic angle[肋隔角模糊(变钝、消失)]
•elevation of diaphragm with limitation of movement[横膈抬高、活动受限]
•encapsulated pleural effusion[包裹性胸腔积液]
•hydropneumothorax[液气胸]
•mediastinal displacement[纵膈移位]
•hilar haze[肺门模糊]
•increase of pulmonary hilar density[肺门密度增高]
•pulmonary venous stasis(infarction)[肺淤血(梗塞)]
•shadow[阴影性状]
•hazziness[淡的]
•clouding[云雾状]
•diffuse[弥漫的]
•veiling[面纱样]
•streaky[线状]
•patcky[絮状]
•nodular[结节状]
•massive[块状]
•miliary[粟粒状]
•confluent[融合状]
•homogeneous[均匀的]
获益匪浅,辛苦各位!
你好!我们是西部高等医学院校的药理学教师,随着改革开放的不断深入,国家对医学生的要求和对教师的要求都不断提高,学校要求教师用双语或英语进行教学,但是我们苦于一直没能找到合适的教材及语音资料或VCD音像资料等(药理学/临床药理学),我们热切希望得到你们的帮助!衷心感谢!
8.You need a thorough examination.
you need a thorough check up
这样用可以吗
8.You need a thorough examination.
you need a thorough check up
这样用可以吗

CHIEF COMPLANT
This 45-year-old married mother of one has had upper quadrant pain for one day.
这一句有点烦琐,可以改为CHIEF COMPLANT
upper quadrant pain for one day.
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