Pregnant moms' weight affects toddlers
By MALCOLM RITTER, AP Science Writer
NEW YORK - The standard advice for how much weight a woman should gain during pregnancy may need to change, according to a rigorous and provocative study suggesting that even accepted weight gains may raise the risk of having an overweight toddler.
Women in the study who gained the recommended amount of weight ran four times the risk of having a child who was overweight at age 3, compared to women who gained less than the advised amount.
The outcome was about the same for women who gained more than the advisable amount.
So what's a pregnant woman to do? Clearly, she shouldn't gain more weight than recommended, said the study's lead author, Dr. Emily Oken of Harvard Medical School.
But beyond that, it's too early to say whether women should try to gain less than the standards call for or shoot for the low end of the recommended range, Oken said. At least the latter course is probably safe, she said.
Some other experts urged that pregnant women not try to gain less weight than recommended.
In any case, Oken said, it's too soon to call for a revision of the standard guidelines.
The study appears in the April issue of the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. It focuses on guidelines issued in 1990 by the Institute of Medicine, a private non-governmental organization that advises the federal government.
The guidelines recommend differing amounts of weight gain depending on how much a woman weighed before pregnancy, as measured by a combination of her height and weight called the body-mass index.
Those with a "normal" BMI are encouraged to gain 25 to 35 pounds, for example. Women with a higher BMI, meaning they are heavier at a given height, get lower targets, while women with a lower BMI are given a higher range.
The new work looked at 1,044 pairs of mothers and their 3-year-olds. It compared how much weight the mother had gained during pregnancy with the BMI of their children. It defined "overweight" in the 3-year-olds as having a body-mass index greater than 95 percent of children of the same age and sex.
Researchers found that about half the mothers gained more weight during pregnancy than the guidelines called for, while about a third met the recommended gain. The remaining 14 percent gained less weight than recommended.
Oken said it's not clear why greater weight gain in the mother would raise the risk that her toddler would be overweight. She noted that women who have diabetes during pregnancy tend to produce bigger babies who run a heightened risk of becoming overweight later in life. That suggests some factor in the womb can affect a baby's future, she said.
Analysis suggested that sharing of poor health habits between mother and child doesn't account for the outcome, she said. And while the women in the study generally had health insurance and were well-educated, studies of other groups are finding similar results, she said.
Oken said gaining too much weight also carries risk for the mother, such as not being able to lose that weight and so being overweight or obese herself. Gaining too much weight raises the risk for having a baby that is too large, which may lead to a difficult delivery or Caesarean section, she said.
But gaining too little weight in pregnancy raises the risk of having a low-birthweight baby, which poses a hazard to the child.
So figuring out the proper weight gain is a balancing act, she said.
Dr. Jennifer Wu, an obstetrician-gynecologist at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York who was not involved in the study, noted that many women are obese even before getting pregnant.
The new work suggests that no matter their starting weight, pregnant women may need to aim for the lower end of their recommended weight gains "for their own well-being and the further well-being of the child," she said.
Lisa Bodner, an assistant professor of epidemiology and obstetrics-gynecology at the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, says the new work adds to previous indications that the IOM guidelines may need to be revised. Bodner, who didn't participate in the new study, called it one of the most rigorous to address the question.
"We know that weight gain is important, we just have to find a middle ground" between too little and too much, she said.
Recommended weight gains in pregnancy
By The Associated Press
Here are recommended amounts of weight to gain in pregnancy, under 1990 guidelines from the Institute of Medicine. A new study suggests this advice may need revising:
For a "low" body-mass index of less than 19.8, a gain of 28 to 40 pounds.
For a "normal" BMI of 19.8 to 26, a gain of 25 pounds to 35 pounds.
For a "high" BMI of 26 to 29, a gain of 15 pounds to 25 pounds.
For a BMI greater than 29, a gain of at least 15 pounds.
Note: The BMI categories listed here are different from standards set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to assess obesity. For example, the CDC's normal weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9. (A 5-foot-4 woman weighing 135 would be considered normal weight in either category.)
The recommended amount of "at least 15 pounds" for obese women was set at a time when doctors were focusing on low-birthweight babies.
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Pregnant moms' weight affects toddlers
孕妇体重会影响小孩的体重
By MALCOLM RITTER, AP Science Writer
美联社科技作家MALCOLM RITTER
NEW YORK - The standard advice for how much weight a woman should gain during pregnancy may need to change, according to a rigorous and provocative study suggesting that even accepted weight gains may raise the risk of having an overweight toddler.
纽约 根据一项严格的研究发现一般公认的孕妇体重增加可以提升超重儿出生的危险，因此，孕妇在怀孕期间体重增加量的标准建议应该需要调整。
Women in the study who gained the recommended amount of weight ran four times the risk of having a child who was overweight at age 3, compared to women who gained less than the advised amount.
研究中，与体重增加少于体重建议增加量的孕妇相比，体重按推荐量增加的孕妇的孩子三岁时体重超重的危险系数大于四倍。
The outcome was about the same for women who gained more than the advisable amount.
对于体重增加大于体重建议增加量的孕妇，结果基本相同
So what's a pregnant woman to do? Clearly, she shouldn't gain more weight than recommended, said the study's lead author, Dr. Emily Oken of Harvard Medical School.
那么怀孕的妇女怎么办？“显而易见，他们不应该让体重增加大于推荐量”，研究带头人，哈佛医学院Emily Oken博士说。
But beyond that, it's too early to say whether women should try to gain less than the standards call for or shoot for the low end of the recommended range, Oken said. At least the latter course is probably safe, she said.
Oken说：“除此之外，我们说孕妇是否应该尽力体重增加低于标准量或者争取在推荐范围内的最低点，至少后者或许安全些。”
Some other experts urged that pregnant women not try to gain less weight than recommended.
一些专拣呼吁，孕妇不应该尝试体重增加少于推荐量。
In any case, Oken said, it's too soon to call for a revision of the standard guidelines.
无论如何，Oken说，要求修订标准指引为时过早。
The study appears in the April issue of the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. It focuses on guidelines issued in 1990 by the Institute of Medicine, a private non-governmental organization that advises the federal government.
这项研究在四月号的《美国妇产科》杂志上发表。它集中了1990年一个私人非政府组织向联邦政府建议的指南。
The guidelines recommend differing amounts of weight gain depending on how much a woman weighed before pregnancy, as measured by a combination of her height and weight called the body-mass index.
指南推荐体重增加量取决于妇女怀孕以前的体重指数，它由身高和体重综合而来。
Those with a "normal" BMI are encouraged to gain 25 to 35 pounds, for example. Women with a higher BMI, meaning they are heavier at a given height, get lower targets, while women with a lower BMI are given a higher range.
鼓励那些体重指数正常者增加25-35磅，例如，体重指数高即体重比标准体重高的妇女，体重增加量应该低于推荐量，相反那些体重偏低的孕妇则允许达到较高的体重增加量。
The new work looked at 1,044 pairs of mothers and their 3-year-olds. It compared how much weight the mother had gained during pregnancy with the BMI of their children. It defined "overweight" in the 3-year-olds as having a body-mass index greater than 95 percent of children of the same age and sex.
新的研究调查了1044对夫妇及他们3岁以内的孩子。并与其母亲在怀孕期间体重增加量进行对比。结果显示，那些体重超标孕妇的3岁以内婴儿的体重指数比95%同年龄同性别患儿高。
Researchers found that about half the mothers gained more weight during pregnancy than the guidelines called for, while about a third met the recommended gain. The remaining 14 percent gained less weight than recommended.
研究发现，有一半的孕妇在怀孕期间体重增加量高于指南推荐量，而有1/3正好达到此推荐量，而另外的14%的孕妇比推荐量稍低。
Oken said it's not clear why greater weight gain in the mother would raise the risk that her toddler would be overweight. She noted that women who have diabetes during pregnancy tend to produce bigger babies who run a heightened risk of becoming overweight later in life. That suggests some factor in the womb can affect a baby's future, she said.
Oken说超重孕妇容易生出超重婴儿现象的原因尚不很清楚。她指出患有糖尿病的孕妇多会分娩出巨婴，而且婴儿在未来生活中很有可能成为超重人群之一。这似乎提示子宫的某些因素可能会影响婴儿的未来。
Analysis suggested that sharing of poor health habits between mother and child doesn't account for the outcome, she said. And while the women in the study generally had health insurance and were well-educated, studies of other groups are finding similar results, she said.
她说：分析显示不良的健康习惯对孕妇和胎儿没有明显的影响。虽然这些接受试验的妇女多有健康保险和较好的文化背景，但是其他组的同类研究同样显示相似的结果。
Oken said gaining too much weight also carries risk for the mother, such as not being able to lose that weight and so being overweight or obese herself. Gaining too much weight raises the risk for having a baby that is too large, which may lead to a difficult delivery or Caesarean section, she said.
Oken 说体重增加量超出推荐值对孕妇同样有不同程度的危险，比如，分娩以后不能减肥成功从而使孕妇成为肥胖一族。体重增加量过高同样增加了孕妇分娩出巨婴的危险性，从而导致分娩困难或需要接受剖宫产手术。
But gaining too little weight in pregnancy raises the risk of having a low-birthweight baby, which poses a hazard to the child.
但是妊娠期间体重增加不足具有分娩出低体重儿的危险，而很明显这对孩子不好。
So figuring out the proper weight gain is a balancing act, she said.
所以， 以合理的增长指数维持妊娠是最佳选择。
Dr. Jennifer Wu, an obstetrician-gynecologist at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York who was not involved in the study, noted that many women are obese even before getting pregnant.
Jennnife Wu博士,为参加此次试验的纽约Lenox Hill 医院的妇产科医生，指出，很多孕妇在怀孕之前就达到了肥胖程度。
The new work suggests that no matter their starting weight, pregnant women may need to aim for the lower end of their recommended weight gains "for their own well-being and the further well-being of the child," she said.
这一最新研究建议，不管是为孕妇本身健康的考虑，还是为了孩子的未来，孕妇在妊娠期间都应尽可能缩短体重增长量与推荐量低限的差距。
Lisa Bodner, an assistant professor of epidemiology and obstetrics-gynecology at the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, says the new work adds to previous indications that the IOM guidelines may need to be revised. Bodner, who didn't participate in the new study, called it one of the most rigorous to address the question.
为参加此次试验的匹兹堡大学公共卫生专业毕业的流行病和妇产科学教授助理Lisa Bodner 说，IOM指南的推荐值应根据此研究的初期试验结果进行适当的调整，这是使此试验更加科学合理的方法。
"We know that weight gain is important, we just have to find a middle ground" between too little and too much, she said.
她说：“我们知道，体重增加量很重要，我们只是需要在过量和不足中寻求一个平衡点。”
Recommended weight gains in pregnancy
By The Associated Press
美联社推荐的妊娠期间推荐体重增加量：
Here are recommended amounts of weight to gain in pregnancy, under 1990 guidelines from the Institute of Medicine. A new study suggests this advice may need revising:
一下是1990年指南推荐的妊娠期间的体重增加量，有人建议此结果应该根据最新的研究成果进行相应的修订。
For a "low" body-mass index of less than 19.8, a gain of 28 to 40 pounds.
对体重指数低于19.8的孕妇，推荐量为28到40磅
For a "normal" BMI of 19.8 to 26, a gain of 25 pounds to 35 pounds.
体重指数在19.8到26之间的患者，推荐量为25到35磅
For a "high" BMI of 26 to 29, a gain of 15 pounds to 25 pounds.
体重指数稍高在26到29之间的患者，因该尽可能达到的推荐量为15到25磅。
For a BMI greater than 29, a gain of at least 15 pounds.
对于体重指数大于29的患者，应该增加少于15磅。
Note: The BMI categories listed here are different from standards set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to assess obesity. For example, the CDC's normal weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9. (A 5-foot-4 woman weighing 135 would be considered normal weight in either category.)
注意：在本文中的BMI分类不同于CDC的分类标准，比如，CDC对正常体重的定义为: BMI在18.5到24.9之间。
The recommended amount of "at least 15 pounds" for obese women was set at a time when doctors were focusing on low-birthweight babies.
“低于15磅”的推荐量是在医生们密切关注低出生体重而的同时制定的。
孕妇体重会影响小孩的体重
纽约 根据一项严格的研究发现一般公认的孕妇体重增加可以提升超重儿出生的危险，因此，孕妇在怀孕期间体重增加量的标准建议应该需要调整。
研究中，与体重增加少于体重建议增加量的孕妇相比，体重按推荐量增加的孕妇的孩子三岁时体重超重的危险系数大于四倍。
对于体重增加大于体重建议增加量的孕妇，结果基本相同
那么怀孕的妇女怎么办？“显而易见，他们不应该让体重增加大于推荐量”，研究带头人，哈佛医学院Emily Oken博士说。
Oken说：“除此之外，我们说孕妇是否应该尽力体重增加低于标准量或者争取在推荐范围内的最低点，至少后者或许安全些。”
一些专家呼吁，孕妇不应该尝试体重增加少于推荐量。
无论如何，Oken说，要求修订标准指引为时过早。
这项研究在四月号的《美国妇产科》杂志上发表。它集中了1990年一个私人非政府组织向联邦政府建议的指南。
指南推荐体重增加量取决于妇女怀孕以前的体重指数，它由身高和体重综合而来。
鼓励那些体重指数正常者增加25-35磅，例如，体重指数高即体重比标准体重高的妇女，体重增加量应该低于推荐量，相反那些体重偏低的孕妇则允许达到较高的体重增加量。
新的研究调查了1044对夫妇及他们3岁以内的孩子。并与其母亲在怀孕期间体重增加量进行对比。结果显示，那些体重超标孕妇的3岁以内婴儿的体重指数比95%同年龄同性别患儿高。
研究发现，有一半的孕妇在怀孕期间体重增加量高于指南推荐量，而有1/3正好达到此推荐量，而另外的14%的孕妇比推荐量稍低。
Oken说超重孕妇容易生出超重婴儿现象的原因尚不很清楚。她指出患有糖尿病的孕妇多会分娩出巨婴，而且婴儿在未来生活中很有可能成为超重人群之一。这似乎提示子宫的某些因素可能会影响婴儿的未来。
她说：分析显示不良的健康习惯对孕妇和胎儿没有明显的影响。虽然这些接受试验的妇女多有健康保险和较好的文化背景，但是其他组的同类研究同样显示相似的结果。
Oken 说体重增加量超出推荐值对孕妇同样有不同程度的危险，比如，分娩以后不能减肥成功从而使孕妇成为肥胖一族。体重增加量过高同样增加了孕妇分娩出巨婴的危险性，从而导致分娩困难或需要接受剖宫产手术。
但是妊娠期间体重增加不足具有分娩出低体重儿的危险，而很明显这对孩子不好。
所以， 以合理的增长指数维持妊娠是最佳选择。
Jennnife Wu博士,为参加此次试验的纽约Lenox Hill 医院的妇产科医生，指出，很多孕妇在怀孕之前就达到了肥胖程度。
这一最新研究建议，不管是为孕妇本身健康的考虑，还是为了孩子的未来，孕妇在妊娠期间都应尽可能缩短体重增长量与推荐量低限的差距。
为参加此次试验的匹兹堡大学公共卫生专业毕业的流行病和妇产科学教授助理Lisa Bodner 说，IOM指南的推荐值应根据此研究的初期试验结果进行适当的调整，这是使此试验更加科学合理的方法。
她说：“我们知道，体重增加量很重要，我们只是需要在过量和不足中寻求一个平衡点。”
美联社推荐的妊娠期间推荐体重增加量：
一下是1990年指南推荐的妊娠期间的体重增加量，有人建议此结果应该根据最新的研究成果进行相应的修订。
对体重指数低于19.8的孕妇，推荐量为28到40磅
体重指数在19.8到26之间的患者，推荐量为25到35磅
体重指数稍高在26到29之间的患者，因该尽可能达到的推荐量为15到25磅。
对于体重指数大于29的患者，应该增加少于15磅。
注意：在本文中的BMI分类不同于CDC的分类标准，比如，CDC对正常体重的定义为: BMI在18.5到24.9之间。
“低于15磅”的推荐量是在医生们密切关注低出生体重而的同时制定的。
