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3.格式见置顶的文摘编译格式：irin Use May Reduce Overall Cancer Incidence
April 24, 2007 — Adult-strength aspirin taken daily for 5 years or more was associated with a 15% reduced overall cancer incidence, according to the results of a large cohort study reported in the April 18 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
"Epidemiologic evidence indicates that aspirin use is associated with reduced risks of colon cancer and possibly several other cancers, including prostate and breast cancers," write Eric J. Jacobs, PhD, from the American Cancer Society in Atlanta, Georgia, and colleagues. "Recent results from the Women's Health Study randomized trial indicate that long-term use of low-dose aspirin (100 mg every other day) does not substantially reduce cancer risk. However, the potential effect of long-term daily use of higher doses of aspirin on cancer incidence remains uncertain."
The investigators determined associations between long-term daily use of adult-strength aspirin (≥ 325 mg/day) and overall cancer incidence, as well as incidence of 10 types of cancer in 69,810 men and 76,303 women participating in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, a relatively elderly population. Information on aspirin use was collected at enrollment in 1992 - 1993 and updated in 1997, 1999, and 2001. Rate ratios (RRs) were determined from multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.
Through follow-up ending in June 2003, cancer was diagnosed in 10,931 men and 7196 women. Compared with no use, daily use of adult-strength aspirin for 5 years or more was associated with lower overall cancer incidence in men (multivariable-adjusted RR, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76 - 0.93) and non–statistically significant lower overall cancer incidence in women (multivariable-adjusted RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.73 - 1.03).
After standardization to the age distributions of men and women in the study, overall cancer incidence per 100,000 person-years with long-term daily aspirin use and no aspirin use was 1858 and 2163, respectively, among men, and 1083 and 1169, respectively, among women. Long-term daily aspirin use was linked to reduced incidence of colorectal cancer (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52 - 0.90; among men and women combined) and prostate cancer (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70 - 0.94) and a non–statistically significant lower risk for female breast cancer (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.63 - 1.10).
"Long-term daily use of adult-strength aspirin may be associated with modestly reduced overall cancer incidence in populations among whom colorectal, prostate, and breast cancers are common," the authors write.
Study limitations include observational design subject to confounding, lack of data on potentially harmful effects from daily long-term use of adult-strength aspirin, insufficient statistical power to examine long-term daily use of low-dose aspirin, and lack of generalizability to other populations.
"Confirmation from randomized trials is necessary before a reduction in cancer risk could be considered a benefit of using adult-strength aspirin," the authors conclude. "Our results indicate that a randomized trial examining the effect of aspirin on cancer incidence would need to be both large and long term, probably lasting a minimum of 10 years.... If daily adult-strength aspirin use is ultimately found to meaningfully reduce overall cancer risk, there could be important clinical implications with respect to who should be taking aspirin and at what dose."
The American Cancer Society funded this study.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:608-615.
Clinical Context
According to the authors of the current study, a recent 10-year randomized prospective trial of alternate-day, low-dose (100-mg) aspirin use in women showed no protective effect against cancer in women, but other trials of aspirin have shown protection against colorectal cancer, and the effect of long-term adult-strength aspirin use on cancer incidence is not known. Because aspirin is used for cardiovascular protection but has gastrointestinal bleeding as an adverse effect, information about its role in cancer protection would aid clinical decision making when considering benefits vs risks.
This is a large cohort study of men and women within the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort observed for 10 years to examine the impact of daily adult-strength aspirin use on cancer risk.
Study Highlights
Included were men and women from a cohort of 86,404 participants in a prospective cancer incidence and mortality study, followed up from 1992 - 1993 for 10 years.
Exclusion criteria for this observational study were loss to follow-up, baseline history of cancer, or incomplete information on smoking or aspirin use.
Participants completed baseline questionnaires and follow-up questionnaires mailed in 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003.
A total of 18,127 participants (10,931 men, 7196 women) were diagnosed with cancer during follow-up.
Cancer diagnosis was self-reported in 14,703 participants then verified by medical records and linkage with state registries.
3424 participants were diagnosed through the National Death Index as having died from cancer.
2894 cancer diagnoses could not be verified and were excluded.
Aspirin use was ascertained at baseline and in 1997, 1999, and 2001.
Participants were asked about number of pills taken on aspirin days, days per month of use, number of years of use, and use of low-dose baby aspirin vs adult-strength (≥ 325 mg/day) aspirin.
A time-dependent variable for aspirin use was created with 4 variables: never used; low dose, less than daily; current daily use of adult-strength aspirin for less than 5 years; and current daily use of adult-strength aspirin for 5 or more years.
Confounding factors also were controlled for including smoking, body mass index, age, and follow-up time.
Most participants were white and older than 50 years.
At baseline, only 2.3% of men and 1.3% of women were long-term daily aspirin users.
During follow-up, the percentage increased to 4.6% of men and 2.1% of women.
Overall, long-term aspirin users were more likely to have a history of myocardial infarction, diabetes, or hypertension, reflecting use for cardioprotection.
Male long-term aspirin users were more likely to be former smokers, to have a higher body mass index, and to be highly educated.
Female long-term aspirin users were more likely to use hormone replacement therapy (HRT; 41% vs 30%).
Long-term daily aspirin use was associated with lower overall incidence of cancer vs no use in men (RR, 0.84) and women (RR, 0.86), but this was not statistically significant in women.
Current use of aspirin for less than 5 years was not associated with overall cancer incidence in either men or women.
The absolute cancer incidence rate per 100,000 person-years was 1858 among men with long-term aspirin use, 2163 for male never users, 1083 for women with long-term aspirin use, and 1169 for female never users.
Long-term aspirin use was significantly associated with reduction in colorectal cancer incidence (RR, 0.76) for the sexes combined.
Long-term aspirin use also was associated with a significant reduction in prostate cancer (RR, 0.81).
There was a reduction in breast cancer among women, but this was not statistically significant (RR, 0.83).
Among smokers, long-term aspirin use was not associated with reduced risk for cancer among either men or women.
There was no association between long-term aspirin use and risk for lung cancer or other individual cancers (eg, bladder, kidney, and pancreatic).
The authors noted that prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm the findings of this observational study.
Pearls for Practice
Long-term use of adult-strength aspirin for 5 years or more is associated with an overall reduction in cancer incidence that is significant among men but not women.
Long-term use of adult-strength aspirin is associated with significant reductions in colorectal (30%) and prostate (20%) cancers and a nonsignificant reduction in female breast cancer (15%).
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Long-Term Adult-Strength Aspirin Use May Reduce Overall Cancer Incidence
长期服用成人剂量阿司匹林可降低癌症总发生率
April 24, 2007 — Adult-strength aspirin taken daily for 5 years or more was associated with a 15% reduced overall cancer incidence, according to the results of a large cohort study reported in the April 18 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
2007年4月24日 — 据4月18日《国立癌症研究所杂志》中的一项大型人群研究结果称，每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林持续5年或更久，与癌症总发生率降低15%具有相关性。
"Epidemiologic evidence indicates that aspirin use is associated with reduced risks of colon cancer and possibly several other cancers, including prostate and breast cancers," write Eric J. Jacobs, PhD, from the American Cancer Society in Atlanta, Georgia, and colleagues. "Recent results from the Women's Health Study randomized trial indicate that long-term use of low-dose aspirin (100 mg every other day) does not substantially reduce cancer risk. However, the potential effect of long-term daily use of higher doses of aspirin on cancer incidence remains uncertain."
乔治亚州亚特兰大美国癌症学会Eric J. Jacobs博士及其同事写到：“流行病学证据提示，服用阿司匹林与结肠癌、还可能与包括前列腺癌及乳腺癌在内的其他几种癌症风险降低有关。《女性健康研究》随机试验的近期结果提示，长期服用小剂量阿司匹林（100毫克，隔日服）实际上并不能降低癌症风险。但是，长期、每日服用更大剂量阿司匹林对于癌症发生率的影响还不明确。”
The investigators determined associations between long-term daily use of adult-strength aspirin (≥ 325 mg/day) and overall cancer incidence, as well as incidence of 10 types of cancer in 69,810 men and 76,303 women participating in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, a relatively elderly population. Information on aspirin use was collected at enrollment in 1992 - 1993 and updated in 1997, 1999, and 2001. Rate ratios (RRs) were determined from multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.
研究人员明确了长期每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林（325毫克/天）与癌症总发生率以及十种癌症发病率的关系。研究对象为参加“癌症预防研究II营养群”的69810名男性及76303名女性，年龄相对较大。他们收集了1992至1993年登记时的阿司匹林服用情况，并分别于1997、1999、2001年更新资料，应用多变量Cox相对危险回归法计算比率（RRs）。
Through follow-up ending in June 2003, cancer was diagnosed in 10,931 men and 7196 women. Compared with no use, daily use of adult-strength aspirin for 5 years or more was associated with lower overall cancer incidence in men (multivariable-adjusted RR, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76 - 0.93) and non–statistically significant lower overall cancer incidence in women (multivariable-adjusted RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.73 - 1.03).
2003年6月随访结束时，10931名男性及7196名女性诊断为癌症。与不用药组相比，每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林持续5年或更久者，男性癌症总发生率降低（多变量校正RR0.84，95%可信区间[CI], 0.76 - 0.93)，女性癌症总发生率降低无统计学意义（多变量校正RR0.86，95%可信区间[CI], 0.73- 1.03)。
After standardization to the age distributions of men and women in the study, overall cancer incidence per 100,000 person-years with long-term daily aspirin use and no aspirin use was 1858 and 2163, respectively, among men, and 1083 and 1169, respectively, among women. Long-term daily aspirin use was linked to reduced incidence of colorectal cancer (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52 - 0.90; among men and women combined) and prostate cancer (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70 - 0.94) and a non–statistically significant lower risk for female breast cancer (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.63 - 1.10).
对本项研究的结果进行了男女年龄分布的标准化后，长期每日服用阿司匹林组及未服用组的10万人—年癌症发病率在男性分别为1858、2163，女性分别为1083、1169。长期每日服用阿司匹林与以下癌症发生率降低有关：大肠癌(RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52 - 0.90，男女合计时)，前列腺癌(RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70 - 0.94)，女性乳腺癌发病风险降低无统计学意义(RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.63 - 1.10)。
"Long-term daily use of adult-strength aspirin may be associated with modestly reduced overall cancer incidence in populations among whom colorectal, prostate, and breast cancers are common," the authors write.
作者写到，在大肠癌、前列腺癌及乳腺癌多见的人群中，长期每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林可能与癌症总发生率中度降低有关。
Study limitations include observational design subject to confounding, lack of data on potentially harmful effects from daily long-term use of adult-strength aspirin, insufficient statistical power to examine long-term daily use of low-dose aspirin, and lack of generalizability to other populations.
研究局限性包括，观察设计易于混杂，缺乏长期每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林的潜在有害影响的相关资料，检验长期应用小剂量阿司匹林的统计能力不足，以及未能推广到其他人群。
"Confirmation from randomized trials is necessary before a reduction in cancer risk could be considered a benefit of using adult-strength aspirin," the authors conclude. "Our results indicate that a randomized trial examining the effect of aspirin on cancer incidence would need to be both large and long term, probably lasting a minimum of 10 years.... If daily adult-strength aspirin use is ultimately found to meaningfully reduce overall cancer risk, there could be important clinical implications with respect to who should be taking aspirin and at what dose."
作者总结：“还需要通过随机试验证实，才能够认为降低癌症风险是长期服用成人剂量阿司匹林的益处之一。我们的研究结果提示，有必要进行一项大型的、长期的（也许至少应该持续十年）随机试验，来检验阿司匹林对癌症发生率的影响。如果最终能够发现长期每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林可以显著地降低癌症的整体发病率，那么对于哪些人应该服用阿司匹林以及服用多大剂量，将有重要的临床意义。”
The American Cancer Society funded this study.
本研究由美国癌症学会提供资金。
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:608-615.
Clinical Context
临床背景
According to the authors of the current study, a recent 10-year randomized prospective trial of alternate-day, low-dose (100-mg) aspirin use in women showed no protective effect against cancer in women, but other trials of aspirin have shown protection against colorectal cancer, and the effect of long-term adult-strength aspirin use on cancer incidence is not known. Because aspirin is used for cardiovascular protection but has gastrointestinal bleeding as an adverse effect, information about its role in cancer protection would aid clinical decision making when considering benefits vs risks.
据本研究作者称，一项最近10年随机前瞻性试验结果表明，女性隔日服用小剂量阿司匹林（100毫克）并没有预防癌症作用。但其它一些有关阿司匹林的试验表明，它具有预防大肠癌效果，而且长期服用成人剂量阿司匹林对癌症发生率的作用尚属未知。阿司匹林用于预防心血管疾病，但它可以导致消化道出血等副作用，所以有关它在预防癌症方面的作用，将有助于医生在权衡各种利弊之后作出正确的决策。
This is a large cohort study of men and women within the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort observed for 10 years to examine the impact of daily adult-strength aspirin use on cancer risk.
这项研究是一项包含男女两性的大型群体研究，属于癌症预防研究II营养人群研究的一部分，观察持续10年，以检验每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林对癌症风险的影响。
Study Highlights
研究要点
Included were men and women from a cohort of 86,404 participants in a prospective cancer incidence and mortality study, followed up from 1992 - 1993 for 10 years.
Exclusion criteria for this observational study were loss to follow-up, baseline history of cancer, or incomplete information on smoking or aspirin use.
Participants completed baseline questionnaires and follow-up questionnaires mailed in 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003.
研究纳入了癌症发病率及死亡率前瞻性研究的86404名参加者，自1992至1993年起，随访10年。
随访失败、基线癌症史缺乏、吸烟及阿司匹林服用信息不完整者，被排除在此观察研究之外。
参加者完成了基线调查表及随访过程中分别于1997、1999、2001、2003年寄去的调查表。
A total of 18,127 participants (10,931 men, 7196 women) were diagnosed with cancer during follow-up.
Cancer diagnosis was self-reported in 14,703 participants then verified by medical records and linkage with state registries.
3424 participants were diagnosed through the National Death Index as having died from cancer.
2894 cancer diagnoses could not be verified and were excluded.
随访过程中，共有18127名参与者（男10931，女7196）诊断为癌症。
其中14703名自己报告了癌症诊断，经病历及州登记名册证实。
另3424名通过国家死亡索引明确为死于癌症。
2894例癌症因未能确认而被除外。
Aspirin use was ascertained at baseline and in 1997, 1999, and 2001.
Participants were asked about number of pills taken on aspirin days, days per month of use, number of years of use, and use of low-dose baby aspirin vs adult-strength (≥ 325 mg/day) aspirin.
在基线及1997、1999、2001年，研究人员明确了阿司匹林的服用情况。
他们询问了参加者服用阿司匹林的片数、每月服药的天数、服药年数，以及应用婴儿剂量还是成人剂量（325毫克/天）。
A time-dependent variable for aspirin use was created with 4 variables: never used; low dose, less than daily; current daily use of adult-strength aspirin for less than 5 years; and current daily use of adult-strength aspirin for 5 or more years.
Confounding factors also were controlled for including smoking, body mass index, age, and follow-up time.
Most participants were white and older than 50 years.
根据4个变量，建立了时间依赖性阿司匹林服用变量：从不服用；小剂量、不多于每日服用；目前每日服用成人剂量，服用时间短于5年；目前每日服用成人剂量，服用时间为5年或更久。
致混淆因素也进行了对照，包括吸烟、体重指数、年龄及随访时间。
大部分参与者为白人，年龄超过50岁。
At baseline, only 2.3% of men and 1.3% of women were long-term daily aspirin users.
During follow-up, the percentage increased to 4.6% of men and 2.1% of women.
Overall, long-term aspirin users were more likely to have a history of myocardial infarction, diabetes, or hypertension, reflecting use for cardioprotection.
Male long-term aspirin users were more likely to be former smokers, to have a higher body mass index, and to be highly educated.
Female long-term aspirin users were more likely to use hormone replacement therapy (HRT; 41% vs 30%).
基线时，只有2.3%男性及1.3%女性长期每日服用阿司匹林。
随访过程中，这一比例分别增加为男4.6%，女2.1%。
总体上，阿司匹林长期服用者更多见心肌梗塞发作史、糖尿病、高血压病史，这也反映了阿司匹林预防心血管疾病的作用。
长期服用阿司匹林的男性更多为吸烟者、体重指数高、受教育程度高者。
长期服用阿司匹林的女性更多见应用激素替代疗法者（HRT; 41% vs 30%)。
Long-term daily aspirin use was associated with lower overall incidence of cancer vs no use in men (RR, 0.84) and women (RR, 0.86), but this was not statistically significant in women.
Current use of aspirin for less than 5 years was not associated with overall cancer incidence in either men or women.
The absolute cancer incidence rate per 100,000 person-years was 1858 among men with long-term aspirin use, 2163 for male never users, 1083 for women with long-term aspirin use, and 1169 for female never users.
与未服药者相比，长期每日服用阿司匹林与癌症总体发病率降低有关，男性RR为(RR, 0.84，女性RR为0.86，后者无统计学意义。
10万人—年癌症绝对发病率分别为，男长期服用阿司匹林者1858，从未服药者2163，女长期服用阿司匹林者1083，从未服药者1169。
Long-term aspirin use was significantly associated with reduction in colorectal cancer incidence (RR, 0.76) for the sexes combined.
Long-term aspirin use also was associated with a significant reduction in prostate cancer (RR, 0.81).
There was a reduction in breast cancer among women, but this was not statistically significant (RR, 0.83).
Among smokers, long-term aspirin use was not associated with reduced risk for cancer among either men or women.
There was no association between long-term aspirin use and risk for lung cancer or other individual cancers (eg, bladder, kidney, and pancreatic).
两性合计时，长期服用阿司匹林与大肠癌发生率降低显著相关(RR, 0.76)。
长期服用阿司匹林与前列腺癌发生率降低显著相关(RR, 0.81)。
女性乳腺癌发病率降低，但无统计学意义(RR, 0.83)。
无论男女，长期服用阿司匹林的吸烟者癌症风险无降低。
长期服用阿司匹林与肺癌或其他单个癌症（如膀胱癌、肾癌及胰腺癌）风险无关。
The authors noted that prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm the findings of this observational study.
作者指出，有必要进行前瞻性、随机、安慰剂对照试验来证实这一观察研究的结果。
Pearls for Practice
Long-term use of adult-strength aspirin for 5 years or more is associated with an overall reduction in cancer incidence that is significant among men but not women.
Long-term use of adult-strength aspirin is associated with significant reductions in colorectal (30%) and prostate (20%) cancers and a nonsignificant reduction in female breast cancer (15%).
实践意义
长期服用成人剂量阿司匹林5年或更久与癌症总发生率降低有关，男性有统计学意义，女性无。
长期服用成人剂量阿司匹林与大肠癌（30%）及前列腺癌（20%）风险显著降低有关。女性乳腺癌风险降低但无显著意义（15%）。
编译 1594字
长期服用成人剂量阿司匹林可降低癌症总发生率
美国癌症学会Eric J. Jacobs博士及其同事进行的大型人群研究结果表明，每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林持续5年或更久，与癌症总发生率降低15%具有相关性。（J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:608-615
临床背景
一项最近10年随机前瞻性试验结果表明，女性隔日服用小剂量阿司匹林（100毫克）并没有预防癌症作用。但其它一些有关阿司匹林的试验表明，它具有预防结肠癌效果，而且长期服用成人剂量阿司匹林对癌症发病率的作用尚属未知。阿司匹林用于预防心血管疾病，但它可以导致消化道出血等副作用，所以如果它有预防癌症作用，将有助于医生在权衡各种利弊之后作出正确决策。
这项研究是一项包含男女两性的大型群体研究，属于癌症预防研究II营养人群研究的一部分，观察持续10年，以检验每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林对癌症风险的影响。
研究要点
研究人员明确了长期每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林（325毫克/天）与癌症总发生率以及十种癌症发生率的关系。研究对象为参加“癌症预防研究II营养人群”的69810名男性及76303名女性，大部分为白人，年龄超过50岁。自1992至1993年起，随访10年。随访失败、基线癌症史缺乏、吸烟及阿司匹林服用信息不完整者，被排除在外。参加者完成了基线调查表及随访过程中分别于1997、1999、2001、2003年寄去的调查表。
研究人员收集了1992至1993年登记时的阿司匹林服用情况，他们询问了参加者服用阿司匹林的片数、每月服药的天数、服药年数，以及应用婴儿剂量还是成人剂量（325毫克/天）。并分别于1997、1999、2001年更新资料，应用多变量Cox相对危险回归法计算比率（RRs）。
根据4个变量，建立了时间依赖性阿司匹林服用变量：从不服用；小剂量、不多于每日服用；目前每日服用成人剂量，服用时间短于5年；目前每日服用成人剂量，服用时间为5年或更久。对致混淆因素包括吸烟、体重指数、年龄及随访时间也进行了对照。
研究结果
基线时，只有2.3%男性及1.3%女性长期每日服用阿司匹林。随访过程中，这一比例分别增加为男性4.6%，女性2.1%。
总体上，阿司匹林长期服用者更多见心肌梗塞发作史、糖尿病、高血压病史，这也反映了阿司匹林预防心血管疾病的作用。长期服用阿司匹林的男性更多为吸烟者、体重指数高、受教育程度高者。长期服用阿司匹林的女性更多见应用激素替代疗法者（HRT; 41% vs 30%)。
随访过程中，共有18127名参与者（男10931，女7196）诊断为癌症。其中14703名自己报告后经病历及州登记名册证实。另3424名通过国家死亡索引明确为死于癌症。2894例癌症因未能确认而被除外。
与不用药组相比，每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林持续5年或更久者，男性癌症总发生率降低（多变量校正RR0.84，95%可信区间[CI], 0.76 - 0.93)，女性癌症总发生率降低无统计学意义（多变量校正RR0.86，95%可信区间[CI], 0.73- 1.03)。
对结果进行了男女年龄分布的标准化后，长期每日服用阿司匹林组及未服用组的10万人—年癌症发生率在男性分别为1858、2163，女性分别为1083、1169。长期每日服用阿司匹林与以下癌症发生率降低显著相关：大肠癌(RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52 - 0.90，男女合计时)，前列腺癌(RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70 - 0.94)，女性乳腺癌发病风险降低但无统计学意义(RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.63 - 1.10)。
无论男女，长期服用阿司匹林的吸烟者癌症风险无降低。长期服用阿司匹林与肺癌或其他单个癌症（如膀胱癌、肾癌及胰腺癌）风险无关。
研究局限性
观察设计易于混杂，缺乏长期每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林的潜在有害影响的相关资料，检验长期应用小剂量阿司匹林的统计能力不足，以及未能推广到其他人群。
结论
长期服用成人剂量阿司匹林5年或更久与癌症总发生率降低具有相关性，男性有统计学意义，女性无。长期服用成人剂量阿司匹林与大肠癌（30%）及前列腺癌（20%）风险显著降低有关。女性乳腺癌风险降低但无显著意义（15%）。
有必要进行一项大型的、长期的（也许至少应该持续十年）、前瞻性、安慰剂对照的随机试验，来检验阿司匹林对癌症发生率的影响。如果最终能够发现长期每日服用成人剂量阿司匹林可以显著地降低癌症的总发生率，那么对于哪些人应该服用阿司匹林以及服用多大剂量，将有重要的临床意义。
本研究由美国癌症学会提供资金。（丁香）
个人观点，仅供参考：
was associated with a 15% reduced overall cancer incidence
与癌症整体发生率降低15%有关
与癌症总发生率降低15%具有相关性
colon cancer
大肠癌
结肠癌
（大肠癌colorectal carcinoma包括结肠癌colon cancer和直肠癌rectal cancer）
After standardization to the age distributions of men and women in the study
本研究经男女年龄分布标准化后
对本项研究的结果进行了男女年龄分布的标准化后
colorectal
结肠直肠癌
大肠癌
meaningfully reduce
有意义地降低
显著降低
would aid clinical decision making when considering benefits vs risks.
将有助于医师在考虑利益/风险时做出决定
将有助于医生在权衡各种利弊之后作出正确的决策
This is a large cohort study of men and women within the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort
这是一项包含于癌症预防研究II营养人群中的大型人群研究
这项研究是一项包含男女两性的大型群体研究，属于癌症预防研究II营养人群研究的一部分
多谢假行家战友指正。
