整理有關醫學英文病歷寫作，提供大家作參考：
一、主要調查項目：
1.主訴chief complaint：weakness, malaise, chills, fever, sleep, pain, headache,
appetite, weight, stomach and bowels, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, urine,
genitalia, neuropsychiatric disorders, respiration, shortness of breath, bleeding or
discharge, etc.
2.現症歷present illness：onset(date, mode), duration before present entry, exciting
cause and environmental influences, prodromal symptoms, general symptoms,
course or progress( location, duration, severity, continuity, intermission, radiation,
treatment), aggravating and alleviating factors, loss of weight, appetite and
strength, sleep, bowel movement, frequency of urination, menstruation, etc.
3.既往歷past history：
1)former places of residence, previous stage of health( 健壯的robust，纖弱的
delicate), experience with similar disease, immunity to infectious disease
2)previous illness：麻疹measles, 腮腺炎mumps, 水痘chicken-pox, 百日咳
pertussis, 流行性感冒influenza, 猩紅熱scarlet fever, 白喉diphtheria，傷寒
typhoid fever, 支氣管炎bronchitis, 肺炎pneumonia，腦炎encephalitis,腦膜炎
meningitis，破傷風tetanus,小兒麻痺poliomyelitis,赤痢dysentery，霍亂cholera,
胸膜炎pleurisy,天花small-pox，瘧疾malaria,結核病tuberculosis，黃疸病
jaundice，過敏性反應allergy,etc
3)venereal disease：specific symptoms, signs, and the disease by name, treatment.
4)Accidents( date, any disability, sequelae), operation and hospitalization
(date , procedure, name of hospital , physician, complications, bleeding tendency)
4.家族歷family history：family tendency, presence of hereditary disorders, cancer,
tuberculosis, mental disorder and nervous affection, rheumatism, diabetes,
hypertension, cerebral vascular accident, hemophilia, syphilis, tumor, epilespsy,
allergy, contact with diseased individuals, relationship of patient’s childhood and
adult life, age, health condition, and cause of death of parents, grandparents, self ,
spouse, siblings , or relatives.
5.個人歷personal history：
1)Social history：fears, metal status, education, financial condition, number of
dependents, family harmony or fractious , hygienic condition at home
2)Marital history：duration of marriage, 1st or 2nd marriage, age and death of
spouse and children , cause and age at time of death, number of children ,
pregnancies, 流產次數miscarriages, 死產數 stillbirths
3)occupational history：duration of employment, past work, exact nature of work,
exposure to occupational hazards, whether work is satisfactory or not.
4)Habits：alcohol, tobacco, narcotic, coffee, tea, appetite, food habits, regularity of
meals, rapidity of eating , bowel movements, sleep, exercise, interests, etc.
6.系統檢查system review：
1)General：nutrition, fever, night sweats, tremor, weight gain or loss, weakness,
allergy.
2)Skin：蕁蔴疹hives, rash, eczema
3)Head：trauma, headache, loss of hair
4)Eyes：vision, pain glasses diplopia.
5)Ears：pain, discharge, deafness, tinnitus.
6)Nose：obstruction, discharge, epistaxis, rhinitis.
7)Mouth：teeth, lips, gums, tongue, disturbance in taste.
8)Throat.：sore throat, tonsillitis, 膿性扁桃腺炎quinsy, dysphagia
9)Neck：adenitis, goiter , rigidity
10)Cardiorespiratory：palpitation, tachycardia, blood pressure, chest pain, dyspnea,
cough , hemoptysis , seasonal cold, expectoration.
11)Gastrointestinal：appetite, nausea, vomiting, distress(before or after meals),
melena, colic, jaundice, fullness, hernia, hemorrhoid, constipation, diarrhea,
frequency of bowel movement , heartburn, idiosyncrasies, relation of symptoms to
eating, type and quantity of food
12)Genito-urinary：dysuria, urinary frequency, dribbling , hematuria, pyuria, nocturia
and volume, enuresis, incontinence, sores about external genitalia, symptoms
suggestive of syphilis(mucous patches, falling hair), urethral discharge, exposure
to venereal infection, obstetric history, catamenia(age of onset, date of last
period, cycle and amount, periodicity , dysmenorrheal, menopause) leucorrhea,
associated headache
13)Neuromuscular：神經過敏nervousness, emotional stress, weakness, muscle or
joint pains, convulsion, numbness, neuralgia, anesthesia, muscular atrophies or
dysatrophies, deformities.
二、病歷與時態
1．現症歷(present illness)：
1)A.現在式：表示一般的真理、職業、人格、習慣和現在的事實、動作或狀
態。
例1：Sedentary habits often interfere with health
例2：He is mentally deranged and disoriented as to time, place, and person
例3：He gets up at 6 every morning.
B.現在進行式（Be+ pres. p.）表示現在某動作正在進行中。
例1：Both his parents are still living and well.
例2：The patients is getting worse and worse.
例3：The patients is progressively doing well.
C.表「經常的習慣」也用進行式，通常與always, constantly等副詞連用。
例1：He is always taking a nap in class.
例2：He is constantly forgetting peoples’ names.
例3：He is for ever complaining of headaches.
D.通常不用進行式的動詞。
a)不隨意動詞( Verbs of involuntary actions)：
-知覺( perception)：feel, hear, notice, see, smell等。
例1：Whenever he has a cold, he can neither taste nor smell.
-知識(knowledge)：believe, (dis)agree, doubt, find, forget, know, mind,
remember, think, understand等。
例1：She does not remember specific scratches which might have preceded the
present lesions.
-感情( emotion)：desire, despise, disgust, fear, hate, hope, (dis)like, love,
prefer, want等。
例1：He likes lobster, but it disagrees with him.
b)表示繼續狀態的動詞( Verbs of continuous state)：表示存在、所有等動
詞：appear, be, belong, consist, flow, have, hold, live, look, possess, resemble,
seem等。
例1：Her fingers and hands are stiff and cyanotic.
例2：He has no discomfort and eats well.
2)A.現在完成式( Have+ p.p)
a)表示動作的完了(completion of an action)或其結果的現在狀態(present state
of things)：
例1：The patient has passed the crisis. = The patient is out of danger now.
例2：He has caught cold. = He has a cold now.
註：常用的連用副詞為：all this while, (not) yet, already , just, now, by this
time, today, this week( or month, year, etc.), hitherto, till now, up to( till) no
w, recently, lately, of late等。
比較：過去式僅表示過去的動作狀態；現在完成式則以表示現在為主。
例1：He had no appetite for food. (過去式)→表示過去某時有過食慾
不振
例2：Lately he had had no appetite for food. (現在完成式)→表示現在
仍然胃口不佳。
b)表示截至現在為止的經驗( experience)：
例1：He has seldom consulted a doctor in his life.
例2：He has never been treated by a doctor since he was born.
註：表示經驗時，常用的副詞為：ever, before, once, many times, (very)
often, seldom, sometimes, in one’s time等副詞。
比較：同一動詞有時表示完了，有時表示經驗，視其所連用的副詞而決
定。
例1：He has just undergone a nephrectomy.→表示動作完了。
例2：He has undergone a nephrectomy once.→表示經驗。
c)表示截至現在為止的動作或狀態的繼續（continuance）
例1：He has been deaf in the left ear since the age of 18 and has experienced
slight dizziness on stooping.
例2：Except fro a slight loss of energy, he has always felt well.
例3：For the past 10 years he has had persistent and high-pitched tinnitus in
his left ear, consisting a buzzing sensation and, occasionally, the sounds
of bells.
註：常用的連用副詞為：since, always, from, for, these, how long？
B.現在完成進行式( Have been +~ing)
a)表示以前開始的動作繼續到現在的狀態：
例1：He came here 2 weeks ago, and has been lying sick with a cold
since then.
例2：The patient has recently had experience of memory loss and of spells of
dizziness. For the preceding 5 years she has been receiving treatment for
hypertension.
b)表示「習慣」：
例1：The patient has been smoking excessively.
例2：She has been chewing a wad of bubble gum all day.
註：常用的連用副詞為：since, for, how long？,these, form, always
等。
比較：
例1：He has been learning medicine for 5 years. (繼續)
例2：He has learned medicine for 5 years. (經驗)
2．既往歷(past history)：大半用過去式，但發生過去某一定時間以前者，宜
用過去完成式；如果疾病發生的前後關係甚明顯，或以年代順序記載
時，仍可用過去式。
1)A.過去式：用以表示過去的動作、狀態、習慣等且與現在的情形毫無關
聯。
a)發生於過去某時者：
例1：An unknown number of years ago he was said to have pneumonia.
例2：In addition to the above symptoms, he noted some vague abdominal pain
for a couple of months in the past.
例3：At that time she had a slight nonproductive cough and mild exertional
dyspnea.
例4：Before therapy, she was unable to swallow anything but small sips of
water.
b)過去某時以後的狀態：
例1：In the previous month she noticed that the stools were greatly flattened.
Subsequently she became aware of a bearing-down pain the rectum.
例2：Menarche occurred at age 13, thereafter menses were regular, every 28
days, lasting 3 to 4 days each time.
例3：The patient had tinnitus in his left ear 10 years before being discharged
for the military service. Several year later, he noted loss of hearing on the
left.
例4：In June 1956, a sterilizing operation was performed at a hospital. For the
ensuing 5 months the patient was troubled with intermittent attacks of
vague abdominal pain.
例5：Two years after this episode she had one short attack of vertigo but has
been attack-free for 2 years.
註1：過去式常用的連用副詞：ago, last night, yesterday, the day before
yesterday, the other day, this morning , just now等。
註2：現在完成和過去兩者都可用的連用副詞：just, ever, lately, recently,
once, always, already, this morning, today, every night, this week, these
few days, for the last few days, since last week, before, yet等。
B.表示過去的習慣時，須用used to , was (were) accustomed to ~或had the
habit to ~等。用would來表示過去的習慣時，大抵與often, sometimes
等副詞連用。
例1：He used to work far into the night.
例2：He would sometimes come home drunk, and beat his wife.
C.過去進行式( Be 動詞的過去式+ pres. p.)：表示在過去某一時間正在進行
的動作：
例1：One sister was suffering from active tuberculosis.
例2：He was having mild symptoms of fever and nausea at the time he was
seen.
例3：He was raising large amounts of purulent sputum at that time.
D.過去完成式( Had + p.p.)：表示截至過去某一時間為止的動作的完了、
經驗、繼續等。
a)完了( completion)：
例1：The patient had already expired when he came.
例2：By that time he had immunized against smallpox.
連用副詞：already, by that time, (not) yet, only just等。
b)經驗(experience)：
例1：Till then he had never seen so-called bone-setter.
例2：He could not repeat what he had said before.
c)繼續(continuance)：
例1：He had long been ill in bed.
例2：He had been ill in bed for a long time.
E.過去完成進行式(Had been + pres. p.)：表示繼續過去某一時間的動作。
例1：Up to that time, he had been drinking mush wine.
例2：Due to her increasing constipation, she had been taking laxatives daily
for one year before admission.
比較：
例1：I was sleeping when he came. (過去進行式)
例2：I had been sleeping for an hour before he came.(過去完成進行式)
三、家族歷
1.家族無~病：
例1：There is no family history of anemia or other relevant disorders.
例2：The family history did not reveal the occurrence of any congenital anormaly.
2.家族歷無異狀：
例1：Family history was allegedly not remarkable.
例2：His family history was irrelevant to the present illness.
例3：Her family history , besides the fact that her brother died form Darier’s disease, was no contributory.
例4：There is nothing important in his direct or collateral hereditary antecedents.
3.健康：be in good health；be healthy
不健康：have a bad health；be unhealthy
例1：His farther is well with no evidence of illness.
例2：His grandfather 87, is still hale and healthy.
4.家族有~病：
例1：He is the only member of a family of 5 have Hodgkin’s disease.
例2：Family history showed chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in a maternal cousin.
5.家族有~傾向：
例1：There was a strong family history of hemophilia；6 members of the present generation were affected.
例2：There was a high incidence of gallbladder disease in the family.
6.過敏：
例1：He had no history of penicillin sensibility, however, he once noted petechiae
after taking aspirin.
例2：No asthma, hives or any idiosyncrasy to foods.
7.因~而死：
例1：His father’s death was coincidental with the patient’s illness.
例2：His eldest brother died of pneumonia at the age of 28 in the preantiboitic era.
四、個人歷
1.吸煙：
例1：History revealed that he started smoking 10 years before, at the age of 23,
and has smoked ever since. At first he smoked only a few cigarettes a day but
gradually increased this to three-fourths of a package per day, his present rate.
例2：He now smokes an average of 2 packages of cigarettes daily and has
averaged this amount for the past 7 years.
2.飲酒：
例1：The patient admitted to excessive use of alcohol for years with a grossly
inadequate dies.
例2：He customarily consumed up to 2 bottles of beer a day on weekends but
denied long period of alcoholic excess or the daily use of alcohol.
3.飲食：
例1：The boy never ate any fresh fruits or vegetables and did not like milk.
例2：She took supplemental multivitamins daily and used a variety of
mouthwashes.
4.工作：
例1：The patient’s occupation ( for more than five years) necessitated his
breathing acid fumes.
例2：His complaints persisted, and he was unable to resume his regular work.
5.分娩：
例1：The history relative to her pregnancy suggested that she was in her 5th
month of gestation ( pregnancy).
例2：She is a 30-year-old primigravida with long-standing sterility (infertility).
6.其他(衛生、習慣等)：
例1：He spent 3 months visiting Taipei in early 1960 and denied travel outside of
Taiwan after that time.
例2：The pt. related that she has always lived in Peitou expect for 8 months during
1958~1959 when she temporarily moved to Tienmoo.
例3：The house was located in a river valley and , therefore, was in a damp,
foggy area.
例4：The families of both parents were long residents in the same rural area in
Taitung prefecture.
例5：He was born in a small village of illiterate and primitive parents.
例6：The family had a sick kitten and also kept dogs at the time of the present
illness.
例7：He preferred the supine position partially rotated to the right side.
例8：The patient stated that he was in the habit of spending a great deal of time
at the beach during the summer.
例9：She lacked outside interests and was apathetic.
例10：His interests and activities centered mainly on his job.
例11：The patient is not in a good term with his boss.
例12：His income was somewhat above the average for the area in which he
lived, and he was well satisfied with his present occupation.
醫學英文病歷翻譯練習~~~我明天再po上解答。
Exercise1
1.家族歷無先天性疾病。
2.據他說，他家裡沒有人患與此相同的病。
3.家族歷無特別記載事項。
4.他有出血傾向。
5.從家族歷看來，母方有血友病的遺傳。
6.他出生於健康而無精神疾遺傳的家庭。
7.他父親的死因不明。
8.他在28歲時，死於肺結核。
9.他在發病後5天就死了。
10.他在清晨1點25分去世。
五、既往歷Past History
(1)他一直很健康，到1960年10月，才慢慢地開始有咳嗽和膿痰。
He had enjoyed good health until Oct. 1960, when he gradually developed cough
and purulent sputum.
※到某時一直健康
-幾乎未生病 be barely ever sick
ex1：He had been well until Nov. 1960, at which time he was found to have
diabetes mellitus.
ex2：He was apparently healthy most of his life, and did not consult a physician
until his present illness.
(2)以前他沒有患過任何病，在幼小時所做的一般免疫，並無不良反應。
He had no illnessnes of any kind before and received routine immunizations at an
early age without ill effects.
※未曾患過病
ex1：He denied experiencing episode of coughing at any time in his life.
ex2：He denied any history of prior cardiovascular symptoms before onset of the
present illness.
(3)他曾患過通常的小兒期疾病和肺炎一次，這些病都順利痊癒。
He had the usual childhood diseases plus one bout of pneumonia from which
he made uneventful recoveries.
※生過病
-患病 suffer from；have an attack of ；be attacked by
-在童年時代患過麻疹，但無合併症發生 have measles during childhood
without complications
-一起身就會頭暈 experience light-headed on sitting up
-患嚴重的喘息性支氣管炎 contract severe asthmatic bronchitis
ex1：He had a lunatic tendency 4 years ago.
ex2：He has been a known diabetic since 24 years of age.
※除~病外未患過病
ex1：His early development was normal and he suffered no significant illness
apart from measles at the age of 5.
ex2：Except for childhood disease he has had no more serious diseases until
now.
※免疫
ex1：He was vaccinated in childhood, and reacted in a routine manner.
ex2：The first D.P.T. immunization was given at 3 months, and was followed by
high fever, lethargy.
※易患~
-常常感冒 be subject to frequent colds
-容易感冒 be apt to catch cold
-多病 prone to illness
ex1：Although he was subject to joint pains in his childhood, he gave no
definite history of rheumatic fever.
ex2：She was susceptible to car sickness, a tendency which had been less
pronounced in the past year.
(4)他有在22歲患過肺炎的病歷。
He has a history of pneumonia diagnosed at the age of 22.
※診斷\
-診斷 diagnose (the case as) ；establish (make) a diagnosis
-誤診 make a wrong diagnosis；misdiagnosis
ex1：He has a history of being diagnosed as pneumonia 4 years ago.
ex2：He states that a diagnosis of pneumonia was made 4 years ago.
※「診斷」記載例
ex1：Diagnosis：senile paranoid
ex2：Diarrhea and vomiting of undertermined etiology.
ex3：Malignant gastric ulcer, as much as could be observed.
※診斷書\
ex1：This certifies that the above named patient suffered from the disease
stated above.
ex2：This is to certify that the said patient is seriously sick with liver atrophy.
It is recommended that he should be confined to hospital for good care
and treatment for a period of one month.
(5)他於1952年10月16日，因肺結核接受部分胸廓成形術，而住了院。
He was admitted on Oct. 16, 1952 to undergo a partial thoracoplasty for pulmonary
tuberculosis.
※年月日
-在8月3日黃昏 on the evening of Aug. 3
-去年11月 in Nov. last；last Nov.
-在前幾個月當中 during the past couple of months
-在上月初(月中、月底) at the beginning (middle, end) of last month
-每隔一天 every other day；on alternate days；every two days
-每隔二天 at intervals of 2 days；every 3rd day
-連續5天 for 5 consecutive days
-幾乎一個月 for nearly a month
-足足的一個月 for a full month
-期間不詳 for an unknown length of time
-期間不明確 for an indefinite period
-次2夜 the 2 succeeding nights
-前一夜 the preceding (previous) night
※住院
-住院 enter (be admitted to ) hospital；entering (admission to ) hospital；go
(be taken ) to hospital
-住院時 at the time of one's admission to the hospital
-10年前因治療肺炎而住院 be hospitalized 10 years ago for treatment of
pneumonia
※出院
-出院 leave hospital；be out of hospital； be discharged (dismissed) from
hospital
（6）在1960年他患了胃病，在醫院治療16天後痊癒。
In 1960 he experienced stomach trouble from which he recovered completely
after being treated in a hospital for 16 days.
※治療
-徹底醫治 cure (a disease) completely (radically) ；effect a radical cure
-作許多種治療 try many treatments (for)
-忽視腫瘤，並且不接受治療 ignore the tumor and refuse treatment
-在家裡接受治療 have domiciliary treatment
-述說過去一再使用盤尼西林治療淋病 give a history of repeated treatments
with penicillin for gono in the past.
-自醫 try (doctor) oneself；try home treatment
※受~治療
-服用抗高血壓藥劑 receive antihypertensive drugs
-使~服抗結刻劑 put one on antituberculosis drugs before one goes surgery
-替~打一支盤尼西林 give one a shot of penicillin
-經過順利 have an uncomplicated course
-開刀後經過順利、滿意、不順、(不)良 postoperative course was uneventful
,satisfactory, stormy, (un)favorable
-become convalescent
ex1：He did not receive any specific therapy but was treated symptomatically.
ex2：Past history revealed an episode of gonorrhea in 1957 which was successfully
treated by antibiotics.
六、現症歷Present Illness
（1）他在1960年9月生了病；疲勞漸漸加重，週身不適，並且體重減輕。
He became ill in Sept. 1960, with gradually increasing fatigue, general malaise
and loss of weight.
※疾病的發生
-開始頭痛 started having the headaches
-開始發生紫紺 began having episodes of cyanosis
-開始感覺疲勞 began feeling tired
-變成稍一用力即會喘息 became breathless on the least exertion
-發覺開始過度疲勞 noted the onset of excessive fatigue
-晚餐時飲酒差不多一定會引起發作 a supper drink almost invariably provokes
an attack
-不能恢復以前的那種活力 fail to regain one's previous vitality and vigor
-開始覺得比以前更加容易疲倦 began to fell more easily fatigued
ex1:The disease began (occurred ; started) 3 months ago. It progressed , slowly
but steadily until today.
ex2: In the spring of 1958 he first noticed (noted; perceived; recognized) easy
fatiguability.
※初發病型
ex1: He became increasingly subject to fits of temper.
ex2: He suddenly developed weakness in the right leg.
（2）她的膀胱過敏症消失，但在1960年秋天復發。
Her symptoms of bladder irritability subsided, but recurred in the autumn of 1960.
※病徵
-有疼痛和已述的症狀 pain plus the symptoms already mentioned
-想把症狀和~關連起來 attempt to correlated symptoms with~
-症狀自然消退 symptoms spontaneously regressed
-症狀消失(並未緩和) symptoms disappeared (did not abate)
-症狀忽緩忽急 symptoms waxed and waned from time to time
-不留意症狀 give the symptoms no concern
-忽略( 不理) 症狀 disregard (dismiss) symptoms
-對症狀不甚留意 do not pay much attention to the symptoms
-對孩子們顯得不關心、冷淡 one appeared uninterested and uninformed about
one's children
-嘔吐是~發病的前驅症狀 vomiting heralded the onset of one's symptoms
-~的病有傷寒的樣子 one's illness assumed the character of typhus
-再發（have a) relapse；recur; recurrence
-疾病無再發徵象 no evidence of recurrent disease
-同一症候再發 the return of the same symptoms
ex1: He had (presented; developed; showed; manifested) mild symptoms of
diphtheria.
ex2: There have been concurrent heartburn and eructation.
※無~症狀
ex1: The carious tooth has persisted for years without clinical symptoms.
ex2: He continued remarkably free of symptoms except for aural discharge
until Nov. 1961.
（3）他記得一年前，在同一季節裡，有過一次同樣的發作。
He remembered a similar attack a year before in the same season.
※發作
-一時性眩暈 transitory attacks of dizziness
-發作不規則 attacks are variable
-發作變了型態 the attacks changed pattern
-患急性關節炎 have acute attacks of arthritis
-發作多半在夜間發生 attacks occurred chiefly at night
-患2次肺炎 had 2 episodes of pneumonia
-發生癲癇樣的發作 developed seizures of an epiletic nature
-發作前後覺得舒適 feel well between attacks
-平均繼續了3~4分鐘 lasted on average 3 to 4 minutes
-一年來沒有發作 have been free of attacks for one year
-發作停止(消失，完全消失)了 attacks ceased ( subsided, clear up completely)
ex1: A similar attack appeared in the following morning. It ran the same course as
the first one.
ex2: The most recent episode occurred approximately one month before his first
visit to the clinic.
※發作時間
-B隨A A is followed by B : B follows A
-A與B同時發生 A is associated with B
-和~有關係 have (make) relation to~
-和~不相關 have (make) no relation to~
-似乎與姿勢、咳嗽、過度用力無關 appeared unrelated to position, coughing,
or straining.
ex1: The attacks were preceded by 3 or 4 hour prodromes of nausea, abdominal
distention, diarrhea or constipation, followed by 5 to 6 hour period of
cramping abdominal pain and bile-stained vomiting, terminated by transient
diarrhea.
ex2: The pain was described as being of a cramping nature and sometimes
appeared to be related to the ingestion of cold water or milk.
（4）每天服用pyrazinamide 4次，每次75mg.後，咳嗽減少，痰亦減半，熱度
也降低。
With pyrazinamide, 75 mg. 4 times daily, there was improvement of cough, a 50
per cent decline in sputum, and a reduction of fever.
※症狀的減輕和消失
-轉佳 take a favorable turn ; take a turn for the better ; improve
-顯著減輕 decrease drastically (markedly)
ex1: Such attacks usually subside promptly with rest, in an hour or so , sometimes
in a few minutes.
ex2: The swelling of the legs disappeared within about a week.
（5）疼痛發生於飯後，便秘發生後，疼痛更加厲害，期間也較長。
The pain came on after meals and became more severe and lasted longer with
the onset of constipation.
※症狀的惡化
-惡化 take a bad turn ; take a turn for the worse; be aggravated (exacerbated)
-顯著地惡化 became noticeably worse
-漸趨顯著 became increasingly apparent
-黃疸總是惡化 have frequent exacerbations of jaundice
-病入膏肓 one's case is incorrigible
-病狀時癒時犯 one's illness hangs in the balance
ex1: During the last 6 weeks he has observed progressive shortness of breath
on exertion.
ex2: The pain was aggravated by exercise and alleviated somewhat by lying down.
（6）他的一般情形，一直沒有變化。
His general condition continued without change.
※症狀無變化
ex1: He remained about the same a yesterday.
ex2: His headache has persisted (continued) to date ( the present).
Exercise1
1.家族歷無先天性疾病。
2.據他說，他家裡沒有人患與此相同的病。
3.家族歷無特別記載事項。
4.他有出血傾向。
5.從家族歷看來，母方有血友病的遺傳。
6.他出生於健康而無精神疾遺傳的家庭。
7.他父親的死因不明。
8.他在28歲時，死於肺結核。
9.他在發病後5天就死了。
10.他在清晨1點25分去世。
1.
a)The family history revealed (disclosed, showed, indicated) no congenital disease.
b)No F.H. of congenital disease was elicited (present).
c)There was no history of congenital disease in the family.
d)The family had no history of congenital disease.
e)There was nothing in the F.H. suggestive of (to suggest) congenital disease.
f)There was no congenital disease in the family history.
2.
a)According to his statement, no other members of his family have ever had
(contracted) the same disease.
b)From his statement, there was no similar disease in the other member of his
family.
c)He stated (said, related, claimed, alleged, affirmed) that no other members of
his family were similarly affected.
3.
a)The family history was noncontributory (unavailable).
b)F.H. was not remarkable (contributory).
c)F.H. revealed nothing remarkable (particular, significant, worth recording)
d)No particular data were available about the family history.
e)There was no relevant family history.
f)F.H.:Nothing relevant was indicated.
4.
a)He has a bleeding tendency.
b)He has a tendency to bleed.
c)He is inclined to bleed.
5.
a)F.H. revealed that hemophilia is transmitted (inherited) on the maternal side.
b)Judging from the family history, hemophilia ran in the maternal line.
c)In the family history there was a hemophiliac tendency on the maternal side.
6.
a)He was born in a healthy family without any evidence of hereditary psychosis.
b)He was (descended) from a family, healthy and free from hereditary psychosis.
c)He came from a healthy family without the slightest trace of hereditary
psychosis.
7.
a)The cause of his father's death is unknown (uncertain, undetermined).
b)His father died from an unknown cause.
c)His father died without definite cause.
8.
a)He died at the age of twenty-eight of pulmonary tuberculosis.
b)TB caused (brought about) his death at 28.
c)He died of TB in his 28th year.
9.
a)He died 5 days after he became sick.
b)Five days after the onset of his illness he died.
c)After an illness of 5 days he died.
10.
a)He died at 1:25 a.m.
b)He was found dead in bed at 1:25 a.m.
c)His respirations ceased at 1:25 a.m.
是员创吗？似曾相识
lianghb，你好…
您書應該讀的不少吧，也許我們正在看同本書哦！
個人po的文章，每一個字都是自己打的。
所以可能會看到不少錯字，還請大家多多包涵。
（雖然我已用word大致篩選錯別字了…）
個人目前只是clerk正在練習寫病歷，所以把書上的東西整理出來與大家分享。
也請lianghb不吝指教，提供更多的醫學英文學習資源，感激不盡！
七、陳訴 Complaint
（1）陳訴的寫法
ex1：因為以前患過結核病，他有時訴說咳嗽、胸部不舒服和疲勞。
Having suffered from tuberculosis in the past, he complained occasionally
of coughing, chest discomfort, and prostration.
ex2：她在1961年住院，訴說最近發生中胸部痛、呼吸短促和心悸。
In 1961 she was admitted to the hospital complaining of (with complaint of
；because of ) mid-chest pain of recent onset, breathlessness and
palpitations.
（2）~感
-恐懼(眩暈、噁心、寒顫)感 a sensation of fear (giddiness, nausea, chill)
-異物(壓迫、窒息、燒灼、寒顫)感 foreign body (oppressive, strangling,
burning, chilly) sensation (feeling)
-喉頭的癢感 itching sensation in one's larynx
-糢糊不舒服的感覺 vague ill feeling
-咽喉上的束緊感 a feeling of constriction in one's throat
-在咽喉右邊的微癢感 a tickling feeling in the right side of the throat
-在~後頭部的特殊、難堪的感覺 a peculiar, weighty feeling in the back
of one's head
-在右上腹部深處的糢糊不舒適感 a vague sense of unease deep in the
right upper abdominal quadrant
ex1：她近來感覺，似有東西壓在膀胱上。
She has recently had (experienced) a sensation of something pressing on
the bladder.
ex2：他面部有麻木感。
He has a feeling of numbness of his face.
（3）主訴：應儘可能引用病人的話，說出現症的主要症狀，經過期間和找
醫師看病的原因。記述需扼要簡明並避免含糊語句，常用可用
簡寫的方式。
ex1：從昨晚飯後，病人一直感覺寒戰。
Patient has had chills after dinner since last evening.
↓
可簡寫為Chills since last evening.
ex2：主訴：胃腫脹已4個月。
C.C.：“Swelling of the stomach“ for 4 months.
ex3：2,3個月來，一做工就感覺呼吸困難和眩暈。
For 2 or 3 months, dyspnea and dizziness on work.
（4）病歷的申述
-不完全可靠 be not entirely reliable
-不甚明晰 be not clearly defined
-有些糢糊 be somewhat vague
-無法獲得 be unobtainable
-不能申述適當的病歷 can give no adequate history
-混亂不很肯定 be uncertain and confused
ex1：關於既往症，他不能提供可靠的報告。
He could not give reliable information concerning former illness.
ex2：因為他有精神激動，無法獲得可靠的病歷。
Because of his mental agitation, no reliable history could be obtained.
（5）因~病而轉入~科治療
ex1：她因為在皮膚科住院治療未見轉好，而被介紹過來。
She was referred because there had been no relief with dermatologic
treatment, including hospitalization.
ex2：此病人現年27歲，是剛離婚的經產婦，經一所地方醫院診斷 為陰道腫瘤而轉入本院。
The patient was a 27-year-old recently divorced multipara referred from
a district hospital with a diagnosis of a vaginal tumor.
（6）全身狀態
-精力缺失 lack of energy
-只訴說全身無力 complain only a slight generalized weakness
-覺得遍身無力 feel week all over
-不可言狀的眩暈 nondescript dizziness
-胸骨下方的不舒服灼感 substernal burning discomfort
-飯後腹上部窘迫感 postprandial epigastric distress
-心臟部疼痛 precordial pain
-胸內苦悶或重壓感 precordial oppression；pressure on the chest；
tightness in the chest
-全年性的過敏性鼻炎 perennial allergic rhinitis
-季節性的支氣管性喘息 seasonal bronchial asthma
-一直不斷地說胃痛和頭痛 incessant complaints of stomach pains and
headaches
-尤其喝一杯牛奶後，有些不舒服的飽脹感 some uncomfortable full
feeling especially after drinking one glass of milk
-偶而一時喪失意識 have occasional blackouts
-肩僵硬 stiff shoulder
-覺氣悶，覺氣息不舒 feel stifling (suffocating)
-感覺疲乏 become tired ( fatigued, weary)；have a tired feeling；feel
languid
-覺全身寒慄 feel a cold shuddering pass all through~
-覺得渾身發冷 fell a chill creep over~
-頭暈目眩 one's eyes swim in one's head
-(~的)腳麻木 have a charlie horse (in one's leg)
ex1：他差不多不斷地訴說飯後嘔吐。
He complained almost ceaselessly of postprandial nausea.
ex2：全身虛弱，而腿痛變得很厲害。
There was general debility, and pain in the legs become excruciating.
exercise2
1.從前他一天抽一包煙，現在抽得更多。
2.10年來，他一直喝大量的酒。
3.他曾戒過酒，但無法戒掉。
4.他每在晚餐時，喝一點酒。
5.他滴酒不沾唇。
6.他一向操勞過度，以致患病。
7.他一連工作8小時，也不會感覺疲倦。
8.這嬰兒是經過足月的懷孕後，正常生產的。
9.他因身體欠佳，一直到40歲才結婚。
10.她已結婚5年，仍未生育。
11.他早睡遲起。
exercise2
1.從前他一天抽一包煙，現在抽得更多。
2.10年來，他一直喝大量的酒。
3.他曾戒過酒，但無法戒掉。
4.他每在晚餐時，喝一點酒。
5.他滴酒不沾唇。
6.他一向操勞過度，以致患病。
7.他一連工作8小時，也不會感覺疲倦。
8.這嬰兒是經過足月的懷孕後，正常生產的。
9.他因身體欠佳，一直到40歲才結婚。
10.她已結婚5年，仍未生育。
11.他早睡遲起。
1.
a)He used to smoke a package of cigarettes a day, and now he smokes more than that.
b)In the past he smoked a pack of cigarettes every day and now it is on the increase.
c)Formerly he smoked daily a pack of cigarettes but now a little more than that.
2.
a)He has a history of excessive alcoholic intake during the past 10 years.
b)He has drunk hard ( to excess; immoderately) for 10 years.
c)He has been a heavy( hard; great) drinker since 10 years ago.
3.
a)In spite of everything( Though he had tried) to stop drinking, he did not succeed.
b)He had abstained from drinking, but he still found it hard to rid himself of the habit.
c)He had given up drinking once, but without a complete success.
4.
a)He drinks a little at supper time.
b)He always takes small evening drink( cups).
c)He drinks some wine at supper.
5.
a)He does not drink at all.
b)He does not touch glass.
c)He is a teetotaler( total abstainer).
6.
a)He used to overwork and this caused his illness.
b)As a result of constant overwork in the past he became ill.
c)His sickness was induced by constant overwork.
7.
a)He could work 8 hours running without getting tired.
b)He did not get tired working 8 hours straight.
c)He could work 8 hours at a stretch without fatigue.
d)He could work for eight consecutive hours without feeling tired.
8.
a)This infant, having been at full term, was born without any difficulty.
b)This infant was given a normal birth after full gestation.
c)This infant was born at full term with normal delivery.
9.
a)He did not get married until forty because of his poor health.
b)Because of physical weakness he remained unmarried until 40.
c)Physical weakness prevented him from getting married until 40.
10.
a)She has been married for 5 years, but she still remains sterile.
b)She has been married for 5 years, but has never been pregnant.
c)She has no child after 5 years of marriage.
11.
a)He goes to bed early but rises late.
b)He has a habit of going to bed early and getting up late.
c)He is used to going to bed early and rising late.
八、發燒 Fever
（1）3天來，口腔溫度從攝氏37度6分，一直升到攝氏40度。
The temperature has risen steadily from 37.6°C to 40°C orally over the past 3 days.
※發燒
-發燒 become feverish; have a temperature
-發高燒 have a high fever
-平常有微熱，有幾次升到38.4度 have low-grade (slight) fever to 38.4°C on a few occasions
-沒有發燒 be afebrile; have no fever
ex1:在發燒期間，他的平均體溫是攝氏39度。
He ran a febrile course with an average temperature of 39°C.
ex2:他在患病期間尿量減少，並且發燒。
He was obliguric and feverish (febrile) throughout the course.
※體溫升高
-體溫上升 have an elevation of temperature
-發高燒伴隨惡寒 have high temp. associated with chill
-體溫升升，有惡寒 have chills with high temperature
ex1: 體溫升到攝氏39度2，腹部也明顯地膨脹了起來。
The temp. rose( went up ) to 39.2°C and the abdominal distension became marked.
ex2:最近8天的口腔溫度升到37.8°C，但後來一直在37.2°C以下。
The oral temp. was elevated to 37.8°C during the past 8 days, but thereafter remained below 37.2°C.
（2）大約在4月底，他的體溫，自然地降到攝氏37度。
About the end of April, his temperature dropped to 37°C spontaneously.
※體溫降低
-體溫急速下降 one's fever falls (abates; declines) promptly
-體溫開始減低 fever began to remit
-體溫似乎是減退了 fever seemed to abate
-體溫降到正常 fever dropped (was reduced) to normal
-體溫慢慢地下降(上升) with slow lysis ( cirsis) of fever
-體溫一天一天地低下來 fever became lower day by day
ex1:2天前的體溫幾乎恢復正常，今天再升到攝氏38.3度了。
The fever, which went down almost to normal 2 days ago, rose to 38.3°C again today.
ex2:病發後10天就退燒了。
Fever disappeared 10 days after onset of illness.
（3）他的直腸體溫，下午一直停留在攝氏40度。
He continued to have a temperature with spiking in the afternoon to 40°C by recutum.
※體溫不退
ex1:已發燒10天；但最後3天未高過37度2分。
Fever was present for 10 days; it did not exceed 37.2°C during the last 3 days.
ex2:最初24小時的體溫，在攝氏37.2與38.3度之間。
The temperature during the first 24 hours varied between 37.2°C and 38.3°C.
九、食慾 Appetite, 體重 Weight
（1）他說他胃口一直很好，什麼東西都能吃。
He stated that he had always had a good stomach and could eat anything.
※食慾良好
-過食 eat too much ( to excess ; heavily) ; overeat; be intemperate in eating
-吃得多 (胃口大開地吃) eat profusely ( with a good appetite)
-保持良好食慾 retained an excellent appetite
-食慾增進 one's appetite improved
-食慾有節制 (食慾旺盛，貪食不飽) have a moderate (good, enormous) appetite
-無食慾障礙 one's appetite is undisturbed
-食不過飽的人 a moderate ( spare; light) eater
-過飽的人 a heavy (great; hard) eater
-食量 capacity for eating
ex1:他的食慾良好，但他平常的吃食習慣，由於口裡傷處而中斷。
His appetite was good, but the sore place in his mouth interrupted his usual eating habit.
ex2:他對食物有無法控制的喜好，用膳時喝很多水。
He had an uncontrollable mania for food, drinking water freely with the meals.
※無食慾
-無食慾 have no (little) appetite ( for food); lose ( have no) relish for one's food; loss ( lack) of appetite; loss of interest in food
-發覺( 有點) 食慾不振 noted ( minimal) anorexia
-食慾不定( 無食慾障礙) one's appetite is variable ( undisturbed)
-食慾反覆無常 have a capricious appetite
-食慾不佳 have a poor (feeble; weak; delicate) appetite
-胃口變得更加不好 became more anorexic
-失去平常的食慾 lose one's usual appetite
-食慾減退 appetite decreases ( reduces; declines; falls off)
-吃得少 eat poorly (sparingly) ;take little food; poor food intake
-不想吃 be disinclined to eat
-取食不規則 eat irregularly
-停吃 cease eating
-促進食慾 improve (stimulate; sharpen; whet) the appetite
ex1:他無胃口，只吃了一點點東西。
He had no appetite and only picked at the food.
ex2:他的胃口不如以前，甚至以前喜歡吃的也不例外。
Meals and drinks taste no more as before, and he is indifferent even to his favorite food.
※未進食物
ex1:他整天沒有吃什麼，只吃幾口稀飯。
He eats nothing for a whole day, but he takes some mouthfuls of rice gruel.
ex2:他從前天中午起，就沒有吃東西。
He has tasted no food since noon the day before yesterday.
（2）他訴說非常口渴，但一點食慾也沒有。
He complains of his thirst hard to release, while he has absolutely no appetite.
※口渴
-口渴 be (feel) thirsty
-口一直很渴 continue to have excessive thirst
-喝大量的水 drink water generously
-對碳酸飲料發生不尋常的愛好 develop an unusual craving for carbonated beverages
-要~少喝茶水 be advised to decrease one's tea drinking
（3）食慾正常，但體重卻在一年之內減輕了4公斤。
In spite of the normal appetite, he lost 4 kg. in weight over a period of one year.
※體重減輕
-住院時體重 admission weight
-最高(最低)體重 maximal ( minimal) weight
-體重減少，但未知多少 weight loss of undetermined amount
-通常在夏季體重減輕 usually lose weight in the summer months
-體重以驚人的速度減少 lose weight with alarming speed
-體重始終一樣 weight remained stationary (steady)
-體重不變 weight is stable ( unchanged)
-體重維持不變 weight is well-maintained
-體重老是50公斤 one's weight is constant ( maintained) at 50 kg.
-雖然食量增加，體重卻減輕了6公斤 lost 6 kg. in spite of increased intake of food
ex1:他在上2個月內，體重減輕了8公斤。
He developed weight loss totalling 8 kg. in the previous 2 months.
ex2:他的胃口變得很大，食物熱量增加2倍，但體重卻減輕了10公斤。
His appetite became ravenous and his caloric intake doubled, yet he lost 10 kg.
exercise3
1.他想不起患過什麼病。
2.他自幼健康，不曾患過大病。
3.他沒患過白喉。
4.他否認在軍隊時，得過性病。
5.他說幼年時一直鬧病。
6.他除患高血壓一年外，無其他病訴。
7.他在生後6個月，種過痘。
8.他因身體虛弱，容易生病。
9.在1957年，他因治療胸膜炎，住過院。
10.他在開刀後5天，便出院了。
11.他因闌尾炎開過刀。
12.去年他患了腎臟炎，但經過良好，現已痊癒了。
exercise3
1.他想不起患過什麼病。
2.他自幼健康，不曾患過大病。
3.他沒患過白喉。
4.他否認在軍隊時，得過性病。
5.他說幼年時一直鬧病。
6.他除患高血壓一年外，無其他病訴。
7.他在生後6個月，種過痘。
8.他因身體虛弱，容易生病。
9.在1957年，他因治療胸膜炎，住過院。
10.他在開刀後5天，便出院了。
11.他因闌尾炎開過刀。
12.去年他患了腎臟炎，但經過良好，現已痊癒了。
1.
a)He could not remember (recall) what disease he has ever had.
b)He had no memory of ever having had any disease.
c)He had no recollection of any previous disease.
2.
a)He has been thoroughly sound since his childhood, and has never had any serious disease.
b)He has been in good health from his childhood and has had no history of serious disease.
c)He has been healthy without any serous disease since his childhood.
3.
a)He had no past (previous; prior) history of diphtheria.
b)His P.H. showed no (did not show) diphtheria.
c)He did not have a history of diphtheria.
d)There was no diphtheria in his P.H.
4.
a)He denied that he contracted V.D. during his military service.
b)He denied contracting V.D. while he was in the army.
5.
a)He said that he was often ill in his childhood.
b)He said that during( throughout) his childhood he was always troubled by disease.
6.
a)He states that there is no complaint other than hypertension lasting for a year.
b)He is free from any disease except for one year history of hypertension.
c)Apart from hypertension of one year's duration he is in good health.
7.
a)He was vaccinated (inoculated) against smallpox when he was six months old.
b)He received( took; underwent) a smallpox vaccination at six months of age.
8.
a)Because he is frail, he is prone to illness.
b)He is delicate and susceptible to disease.
c)He is liable (predisposed) to get sick, because of physical weakness.
9.
a)He was admitted to the hospital for treatment of pleurisy in 1957.
b)He was hospitalized for pleurisy in 1957.
c)In 1957 he went to the hospital to have his pleurisy treated.
10.
a)Five days after an operation, he left the hospital.
b)He was discharged( dismissed) from the hospital on the 5th postoperative day.
c)He left the hospital 5 days after he underwent an operation.
11.
a)His P.H. revealed an appendectomy.
b)He had (underwent) an appendectomy.
c)He had an operation ( a surgery) for appendicitis.
d)He was operated for appendicitis.
e)He gave a P.H. of appendectomy performed.
12.
a)He suffered from nephritis last year, but its course was uneventful and now he was cured perfectly.
b)He had nephritis last year, and after favorable course he made a full (complete) recovery and regained his health.
c)Last year he developed nephritis which ran an uneventful course and he recovered completely with no sequela ( residual).
十、睡眠 Sleep
（1）發作通常發生於飯後1~2小時，但也時常把病人從睡夢中弄醒。
Attacks usually came on one or two hours after meals, but also frequently wakened the patient from sleep.
※睡眠障礙
-非常愛睡 be unusually sleepy
-貪睡 be fond of sleep
-無法控制的嗜睡 uncontrollable somnolence (-cy)
-易醒 be easily wakened
-時常在晚上醒過來 often wake up at night.
-不能熟睡 sleep is not sound
-晚上睡得不很熟 do not sleep well at night
-睡覺不能多過數小時 sleep for no longer than a few hours.
-由於呼吸短促睡不著 have sleepless night with shortness of breath
-今年冬天由於夜間性氣喘一直失眠 had insomnia this winter due to nocturnal asthma
-患失眠症 have (develop) insomnia
-睡眠不足 want( lack) of sleep; insufficient sleep
-不易入睡 have trouble getting to sleep
-睡眠無多大的障礙 sleep is not greatly disturbed
-失眠病人 insomniac
ex1:他不能靜坐數分鐘以上，即使靜脈注射鎮靜劑，也不能睡覺。
He was unable to sit still for more than a few minutes, and sleep was impossible even with intravenous sedatives.
ex2:因為他有點掛慮他的病，最近一直睡眠不佳。
His sleep has been poor lately due to a slight anxiety about his illness.
（2）他非常容易入睡，特別是晚睡時為然。早上則總是起不來。
He falls into a sleep very easily, especially when sitting up late. He has always had difficulty in getting up early in the morning.
ex1:他總是感覺疲倦，每天大約需要睡12個小時。
He felt chronically tired, requiring about 12 hours of sleep a day.
ex2:他老是想睡，但從來不曾在8點後才睡。
He is always inclined to go to sleep, and he never goes to bed later than 8 o'clock.
exercise3
1.他想不起患過什麼病。
2.他自幼健康，不曾患過大病。
3.他沒患過白喉。
4.他否認在軍隊時，得過性病。
5.他說幼年時一直鬧病。
6.他除患高血壓一年外，無其他病訴。
7.他在生後6個月，種過痘。
8.他因身體虛弱，容易生病。
9.在1957年，他因治療胸膜炎，住過院。
10.他在開刀後5天，便出院了。
11.他因闌尾炎開過刀。
12.去年他患了腎臟炎，但經過良好，現已痊癒了。
1.
a)He could not remember (recall) what disease he has ever had.
b)He had no memory of ever having had any disease.
c)He had no recollection of any previous disease.
2.
a)He has been thoroughly sound since his childhood, and has never had any serious disease.
b)He has been in good health from his childhood and has had no history of serious diseas.
c)He has been healthy without any serous disease since his childhood.
3.
a)He had no past (previous; prior) history of diphtheria.
b)His P.H. showed no (did not show) diphtheria.
c)He did not have a history of diphtheria.
d)There was no diphtheria in his P.H.
4.
a)He denied that he contrated V.D. during his military service.
b)He denied contracting V.D. while he was in the army.
5.
a)He said that he was often ill in his childhood.
b)He said that during( throughout) his childhood he was always troubled by disease.
6.
a)He states that there is no complaint other than hypertension lasting for a year.
b)He is free from any disease except for one year history of hypertension.
c)Apart from hypertension of one year's duration he is in good health.
7.
a)He was vaccinated (inoculated) against smallpox when he was six months old.
b)He received( took; underwent) a smallpox vaccination at six months of age.
8.
a)Because he is frail, he is prone to illness.
b)He is delicate and susceptible to disease.
c)He is liable (predisposed) to get sick, because of physical weakness.
9.
a)He was admitted to the hospital for treatment of pleurisy in 1957.
b)He was hospitalized for pleurisy in 1957.
c)In 1957 he went to the hospital to have his pleurisy treated.
10.
a)Five days after an operation, he left the hospital.
b)He was discharged( dismissed) from the hospital on the 5th postoperative day.
c)He left the hospital 5 days after he underwent an operation.
11.
a)His P.H. revealed an appendectomy.
b)He had (underwent) an appendectomy.
c)He had an operation ( a surgery) for appendicitis.
d)He was operated for appendicitis.
e)He gave a P.H. of appendectomy performed.
12.
a)He suffered from nephritis last year, but its course was uneventful and now he was cured perfectly.
b)He had nephritis last year, and after favorable course he made a full (complete) recovery and regained his health.
c)Last year he developed nephritis which ran an uneventful course and he recovered completely with no sequela ( residual).
十一、神經精神系統 Neuropsychiatric
（1）他數星期來，有好幾次在眩暈前，意識突然發生變化。
He had several sudden alterations in consciousness preceded by dizziness for several weeks.
※神經症狀
-一般用語 vertigo, dizziness, dizzy spell, syncope, fainting, sleepy, drowsy,
lethargic, insomnia, hiccough, convulsion, seizure, trembling, involuntary
movement, numbness, weakness, incoordination, clumsiness of motion, tingling,
unsteadiness in walking, difficulty in walking, paresthesia, anesthesia, paralysis,
myalgia, thick speech, aphonia
ex1:他發覺，說話障礙逐漸厲害起來。
He noted a progressive speech impediment.
ex2:他不能用病側腳尖站著。
He was unable to stand on tiptoe on the affected limb.
（2）他的情緒容易突變，且會無緣無故地慍怒和哭泣。
He is liable to sudden changes of mood and would sulk and cry for no apparent reason.
※抑鬱
-一般用語 despondent, gloomy, worried, disgusted, discouraged, scared, fearful,
low, afraid, angry, blue ; cheerful, optimistic, pessimistic, satisfied, stable, fluctuating, hilarious
-喜歡小題大做的 fussy
-好管閒事的 noisy
-吹毛求疵的 fault-finding
-自負的 conceited
-很勢利的 snobbish
-自私的 selfish
-吝嗇的 stingy
-氣量大的 broad-minded
-慷慨的 generous
-好心的 kind-hearted
-心情變幻不定而抑鬱的 be moody and depressed
-患有極痛苦的憂慮 have an attack of excruciating anxiety
ex1:His mood was appropriate.
ex2:His mood was mainly euphoric and expansive.
※思考能力
-一般用語 think less clearly, decreased speed of thinking, decreased clarity of
thought, flight of ideas, loss of mental vigor , mental apathy
-再也不能集中心力 can no longer concentrate
-發覺集中力減退 noted waning powers of concentration
ex1:她發覺在讀習和寫作時，注意力有點不易集中。
She noted only slight difficulty in concentrating while reading and writing.
（3）他迷妄，有生動的幻覺，並且不能說出連貫的病歷。
He was deluded, vividly hallucinated, and unable to give any coherent history.
※精神異常
-一般用語 hallucination, delusion of persecution(被害妄想), mental confusion,
disorientation, mental aberration, negativism, loss of memory, amnesia, mutism, etc.
-老是發出癡呆、不適當的笑聲 frequently exhibit silly inappropriate laughter
-對其他小孩殘酷無情 behave brutally toward other children
-變為難於駕御 become unmanageable
-發覺個性顯著變化 a definite personality change is noted
-精神失常逐漸厲害起來 have gradually progressive mental deterioration.
-發覺記性障礙有2個月 noted memory impairment for 2 months.
（4）她顯示出心情、情緒反常的顯著傾向。
She manifested a marked tendency toward destructiveness and disturbance of mood
and affect.
※性癖異常
-一般用語 emotional instability, tendency to worry, hot temper, temper outbursts,
irritable, shy, fussy, quarrelsome
-情緒非常窘迫 be in severe increasing emotional lability
-心神不安寧,坐立不安 be restless and fidgety
-動輒生氣 be easily moved to anger
-脾氣暴躁 have temper tantrums
-深懷自卑感 harborn deep feelings of inferiority
ex1:病人的健康狀態良好，情緒似使正常。
The patient is in good condition and seems to be emotionally undisturbed.
ex2:他老是神經過敏，自從心悸發生後更加厲害。
He was always a 'nervous' person but more so since the onset of palpitation.
exercise 4
1.他不知道病的起因。
2.他的病是慢慢地發作的。
3.他上腹部突然痛起來。
4.他的病，是在住院前3星期開始的。
5.約在7個月前，他第一次發覺，吞東西不如以前順利。
6.3天前他開始咳嗽，一直繼續到現在。
7.從去年8月，他開始有食慾不振，體重減輕和發燒的症狀。
8.他的症狀是喉痛和無力。
9.他的消化系統，完全無症狀。
10.他的老病---風濕症，又發了。
11.3天前，他的病開始好轉。
12.昨天他的病更加惡化。
十二、疼痛 Pain
（1）當上樓梯時，突然痛了起來，並且持續不止。
The pain came on suddenly while walking up the stairs and it was persistent.
※疼痛的發生
-感覺疼痛 feel (have; suffer from) a pain; pain is felt in ; feel painful
-頭痛 have a headache; be troubled with a headache; feel a pain in one's head
-患劇烈頭痛 have a nasty (bad) headache
-時常頭痛 be subject (a martyr) to headaches
-有撞擊似的兩側性頭痛 have bilateral pounding headaches
-頭痛逐漸地變為頻發( 較不嚴重) headaches gradually become more frequent
(less severe)
ex1:咀嚼時，有偶發的、暫時的、不可言狀的疼痛或敏感。
There is occasional, transient, nondescript pain, or sensibility during mastication.
ex2:該齒對於壓迫作痛，且有鈍麻如咬的疼痛。
The tooth became sore to pressure and there is a dull gnawing pain.
※發生時間
ex1:Epigastric pain comes immediately after meal.
ex2:Colic pain came on and off since yesterday.
ex3:This pain has been relentlessly postprandial, regardless of the character of her
meals.
ex4:The joint pains were present mainly at night, with relief during the day.
ex5:The mild frontal headaches were usually present upon awakening, but not severe enough to require analgesics.
ex6:The pain usually commenced within 30 minutes after meals and lasted 1 to 3
hours.
※發生原因
ex1:He described the pain as dull and aching, occurring approximately once a week,
unrelated to food intake, and radiating to his back.
（2）起初疼痛無變化，但數小時時變成發作性的痛。
The pain initially was steady, but after several hours became episodic.
※疼痛的種類
-恒常（痛） constant
-間歇（痛） intermittent
-偶（痛） occasional
-急性（痛） acute
-鈍麻（痛），悶（痛） dull
-搏動性的 throbbing
-抽搐（痛）tic
-抽（痛） twinge
-銳（痛），急（痛） sharp
-刺（射）痛 stabbing ( shooting) pain
-鑽錐（痛） boring
-穿刺（痛） piercing
-竄（痛） darting
-被咬樣的（痛） gnawing
-似裂（痛） tearing (splitting)
-脹（痛） bursting
-刀割樣（痛） knife-like
-痙攣（痛） crampy
-拉（痛） dragging
-箍（痛） girdle-like ( constricting)
-痛得打滾 writhing
-極痛的 excruciating
-切割的（痛） lancinating
-絞性痛 colic (colicky pain)
-劇痛 severe ( pungent; intense)
-感應痛 referred pain
-墜痛 bearing-down pain
-發生遍身的痠痛 develop diffuse body aching
-有劇烈的骨盤痛 have exquisite pelvic pain
-牙痛頻發 continual bouts of toothache
-一陣陣劇烈的牙痛 the pangs of a toothache
-帶有胸膜炎性狀的右胸痛 right-sided pain of a pleuritic character
-發生陣痛性的疼痛 have labor-like pains
ex1:這痛是持續不變的，若刺的劇痛。
The pain was steady, sharp and boring in nature ( character).
ex2:該痛和她以前訴過的疼痛一樣。
The pain was identical with what she had complained of.
※疼痛再發
-pain reappears ( relapses); pain breaks out again; a return of the pain
ex1:左乳房下的疼痛時時再發，而不是持續性的。
The pain under the left breast recurred at intervals but was not constant.
ex2:疼痛很少在他晚餐後再發，同時喝牛奶或服用抑酸劑，對於疼痛並無影響。
The pain rarely returned after his evening meal and it was not affected when he
ingested milk or antacid.
（3）有時疼痛放射到右下肢後側，一直到腳部。
At times pain radiates down the back of the right lower extremity to the foot.
※疼痛放射
-pain radiates ( travels) to ~; pain radiating from ~ to ~; radiation of the pain to ~
ex1:疼痛放射到腰部周圍，躺下時緩和些，站立時加劇。
The pain radiated around toward the groin, relieved by lying down and aggravated
while standing.
ex2:住院那天，他感到疼痛加劇，並且放射到右肩胛和肩部。
On the day of admission he experienced increasingly severe pain with radiation to the right scapular area and shoulders.
（4）這疼痛局限於正中線，因吃力的勞動而加劇。
The pain was confined to the midline and was aggravated by heavy labor.
※疼痛部位
-疼痛存在於 the pain is limited to; the pain is located ( localized; situated) in (or
over) ; there is localized pain in ~
-遍在痛 generalized ( general; extensive; unlocalized) pain
ex1:起初，疼痛遍及整個腹部，後來它局限於右上象限。
At first the pain was generalized in the ( whole) abdomen; but it subsequently
localized to the R.U.Q.
ex2:起於右下腹部的疼痛，不久便局限於左上腹部。
The pain, which began ( originated) in the R.L.Q., soon became localized in the L.U.Q.
※疼痛減輕
-疼痛減輕 pain is relieved by , relieve ( ease, allay, alleviate, assuage, abate,
soothe) the pain, pains decrease ( grow less, go down , fall off)
-疼痛減輕了 the pain became lighter
-疼痛的嚴重度減少 the severity of the pain waned
-疼痛未停止 the pain did no ease
ex1:疼痛和腹瀉都減輕，但自從那時起，他就感覺疲倦和衰弱。
The pain and diarrhea abated, but he felt tired and weak since then.
ex2:胸部痛有時因改變體位而減輕，但只是暫時而已。
The chest pain is sometimes relieved by a change of position, but only temporarily.
※疼痛加劇
ex1:雖然沒有肋膜帶性狀，但這痛因深吸氣而顯著加劇。
The pain was markedly accentuated by deep inspiration, although it was not pleuritic
in nature.
ex2:當他在晚上作偏右側睡時，疼痛最厲害。
The pain is most severe at night when he lies on his right side.
十二、疼痛 Pain
（1）當上樓梯時，突然痛了起來，並且持續不止。
The pain came on suddenly while walking up the stairs and it was persistent.
※疼痛的發生
-感覺疼痛 feel (have; suffer from) a pain; pain is felt in ; feel painful
-頭痛 have a headache; be troubled with a headache; feel a pain in one's head
-患劇烈頭痛 have a nasty (bad) headache
-時常頭痛 be subject (a martyr) to headaches
-有撞擊似的兩側性頭痛 have bilateral pounding headaches
-頭痛逐漸地變為頻發( 較不嚴重) headaches gradually become more frequent (less severe)
ex1:咀嚼時，有偶發的、暫時的、不可言狀的疼痛或敏感。
There is occasional, transient, nondescrpit pain, or sensibility during mastication.
ex2:該齒對於壓迫作痛，且有鈍麻如咬的疼痛。
The tooth became sroe to pressure and there is a dull gnawing pain.
※發生時間
ex1:Epigastric pain comes immediately after meal.
ex2:Colic pain came on and off since yesterday.
ex3:This pain has been relentlessly postprandial, regardless of the character of her meals.
ex4:The joint pains were present mainly at night, with reief during the day.
ex5:The mild frontal headaches were usually present upon awakening, but not severe enough to require analgesics.
ex6:The pain ususally commenced within 30 minutes after meals and lasted 1 to 3 hours.
※發生原因
ex1:He described the pain as dull and aching, occurring approximately once a week, unrelated to food intake, and radiating to his back.
（2）起初疼痛無變化，但數小時時變成發作性的痛。
The pain initially was steady, but after several hours became episodic.
※疼痛的種類
-恒常（痛） constant
-間歇（痛） intermittent
-偶（痛） occasional
-急性（痛） acute
-鈍麻（痛），悶（痛） dull
-搏動性的 throbbing
-抽搐（痛）tic
-抽（痛） twinge
-銳（痛），急（痛） sharp
-刺（射）痛 stabbing ( shooting) pain
-鑽錐（痛） boring
-穿刺（痛） piercing
-竄（痛） darting
-被咬樣的（痛） gnawing
-似裂（痛） tearing (splitting)
-脹（痛） bursting
-刀割樣（痛） knife-like
-痙攣（痛） crampy
-拉（痛） dragging
-箍（痛） girdle-like ( constricting)
-痛得打滾 writhing
-極痛的 excruciating
-切割的（痛） lancinating
-絞性痛 colic (colicky pain)
-劇痛 severe ( pungent; intense)
-感應痛 referred pain
-墜痛 bearing-down pain
-發生遍身的痠痛 develop diffuse body aching
-有劇烈的骨盤痛 have exquistie pelvic pain
-牙痛頻發 continual bouts of toothache
-一陣陣劇烈的牙痛 the pangs of a toothache
-帶有胸膜炎性狀的右胸痛 right-sided pain of a pleuritic character
-發生陣痛性的疼痛 have labor-like pains
ex1:這痛是持續不變的，若刺的劇痛。
The pain was steady, sharp and boring in nature ( character).
ex2:該痛和她以前訴過的疼痛一樣。
The pain was indentical with what she had complained of.
※疼痛再發
-pain reappers ( relapses); pain breaks out again; a return of the pain
ex1:左乳房下的疼痛時時再發，而不是持續性的。
The pain under the left breast recurred at intervals but was not constant.
ex2:疼痛很少在他晚餐後再發，同時喝牛奶或服用抑酸劑，對於疼痛並無影響。
The pain rarely returned after his evening meal and it was not affected when he ingested milk or antacid.
（3）有時疼痛放射到右下肢後側，一直到腳部。
At times pain radiates down the back of the right lower extremity to the foot.
※疼痛放射
-pain radiates ( travels) to ~; pain radiating from ~ to ~; radiation of the pain to ~
ex1:疼痛放射到腰部周圍，躺下時緩和些，站立時加劇。
The pain radiated around toward the groin, relieved by lying down and aggravated while standing.
ex2:住院那天，他感到疼痛加劇，並且放射到右肩胛和肩部。
On the day of admission he experienced increasingly severe pain with radiation to the right scapular area and shoulders.
（4）這疼痛局限於正中線，因吃力的勞動而加劇。
The pain was confined to the midline and was aggravated by heavy labor.
※疼痛部位
-疼痛存在於 the pain is limited to; the pain is located ( localized; situated) in (or over) ; there is localized pain in ~
-遍在痛 generalized ( general; extensive; unlocalized) pain
ex1:起初，疼痛遍及整個腹部，後來它局限於右上象限。
At first the pain was generalized in the ( whole) abdomen; but it subsequently localized to the R.U.Q.
ex2:起於右下腹部的疼痛，不久便局限於左上腹部。
The pain, which began ( originated) in the R.L.Q., soon became localized in the L.U.Q.
※疼痛減輕
-疼痛減輕 pain is relieved by , relieve ( ease, allay, alleviate, assuage, abate, soothe) the pain, pains decrease ( grow less, go down , fall off)
-疼痛減輕了 the pain became lighter
-疼痛的嚴重度減少 the severity of the pain waned
-疼痛未停止 the pain did no ease
ex1:疼痛和腹瀉都減輕，但自從那時起，他就感覺疲倦和衰弱。
The pain and diarrhea abated, but he felt tired and weak since then.
ex2:胸部痛有時因改變體位而減輕，但只是暫時而已。
The chest pain is sometimes relieved by a change of position, but only temporarily.
※疼痛加劇
ex1:雖然沒有肋膜帶性狀，但這痛因深吸氣而顯著加劇。
The pain was markedly accentuated by deep inspiration, although it was not pleuritic in nature.
ex2:當他在晚上作偏右側睡時，疼痛最厲害。
The pain is most severe at night when he lies on his right side.
-
exercise 4
1.他不知道病的起因。
2.他的病是慢慢地发作的。
3.他上腹部突然痛起来。
4.他的病，是在住院前3星期开始的。
5.约在7个月前，他第一次发觉，吞东西不如以前顺利。
6.3天前他开始咳嗽，一直继续到现在。
7.从去年8月，他开始有食欲不振，体重减轻和发烧的症状。
8.他的症状是喉痛和无力。
9.他的消化系统，完全无症状。
10.他的老病---风湿症，又发了。
11.3天前，他的病开始好转。
12.昨天他的病更加恶化。
1.
a)He does not know why he got sick.
b)He does not know the cause of his disease.
c)He has no inkling of the cause of his disease.
2.
a)The onset of his disease is gradual.
b)His disease is gradual(insidious) in onset.
c)His disease occurred(commenced) gradually.
3.
a)He had (suffered from) a sudden epigastric pain.
b)An acute(abrupt) pain was felt in his upper abdomen.
c)He experienced a sudden attack of epigastralgia.
4.
a)His illness was first noted 3 weeks prior to admission.
b)His illness began(started; occurred) 3 weeks P.T.A.
c)He dated the onset of his illness 3 weeks P.T.A.
5.
a)About seven months ago, he first(initially) noticed (noted; perceived; found) that he
could not swallow as smoothly as before( usual).
b)Approximately seven months ago, he found for the first time that he had difficulty in swallowing.
c)For the first time he was aware(cognizant) of dysphagia about seven months ago.
6.
a)He began to have cough 3 days ago and it has continued since then.
b)His cough which started 3 days ago has persisted up to the present.
c)Three days ago he developed a cough (began or started coughing) and it has lasted until today.
7.
a)His disease began last Aug. with loss of appetite, loss of weight and fever.
b)His illness started in Aug. last year with anorexia, loss of weight and fever.
c)The symptoms of anorexia, weight loss and fever began last Aug.
8.
a)The characteristics of his disease are sore throat and weakness.
b)Sore throat and weakness are the peculiarities of his disease.
c)His disease is characterized by sore throat and weakness.
9.
a)He was entirely free of digestive system.
b)Absolutely no abnormality was found in his digestive system.
c)There was absolutely no symptom referable to his digestive system.
d)In reference to digestive system he was quite asymptomatic.
10.
a)He had a recurrence (a relapse; another attack) of his old rheumatism.
b)His old rheumatism occurred again.
c)Rheumatism, his old complaint ( fault), recurred.
11.
a)His condition began to improve 3 days ago.
b)Three days ago his condition began to make favorable progress.
c)His condition turned (changed) for the better 3 days ago.
12.
a)His condition(disease) became(got) worse yesterday.
b)His condition took a serious turn yesterday.
c)His condition took a turn for the worse yesterday.
十三、呼吸Resp., 咳嗽Cough, 痰Sputum
（1）他诉说被呼吸困难苦恼了好多天。
He complains of difficulty of breathing, which annoyed him for several days.
※呼吸
-呼吸困难 breathe hard (with difficulty) ; have difficulty in breathing ( respiration)
-呼吸困难 dyspnea (夜间性 nocturnal, 发作性paroxysmal)
-安静时（运动性）呼吸困难 dyspnea at rest (on exertion)
-常发生发作性夜间呼吸困难 frequent episodes of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
-呼吸困难突然厉害起来 have sudden increase in dyspnea
-患轻微的运动性呼吸困难 have some mild exertional dyspnea
-患急性呼吸困难 have an acute attack of dyspnea
-无呼吸困难 have no respiratory embarrassment
-偶有心悸 have occasional palpitations
-心悸反覆发生 have recurrent episodes of palpations
Ex1:第2天早晨，病人呼吸变为非常困难和衰弱。
The next morning the patient became extremely dyspneic and weak.
Ex2:走快或上楼梯时，他总是气促的。
He always becomes short-winded when walking hastily or going up stairs.
（2）这个病人常常咳嗽，并且吐出灰色的臭痰。
The patient coughs very often and expectorates foul-smelling grayish sputum.
※咳嗽
-种类 short, sharp, small, dry(hasty), moist, constant, painful, irritable, spasmodic, wheezing, distressed, rasping
-咳个不停 have a fit of coughing; cough oneself into a fit (fits)
-苦咳个不停 have a hard (racking; convulsive) cough
-患4天乾燥发作性咳嗽 experience a 4-day episode of dry paroxysmal cough.
-2岁时开始有间歇性烦咳 intermittent hacking cough started at 2 years old
-咳嗽减少了 one＇s cough diminished
-发生轻度无痰的乾咳 develop slight nonproductive cough
-有点（很多）咯血 have minimal (massive) hemoptysis.
-咯出一点血 cough (expectorate; spit) up (out) a little blood
-开始咯出黑血斑点 began coughing op flecks of dark blood
-呕血 vomit blood
Ex1:他偶而咳嗽，但不曾感觉胸部痛、发烧或体重减轻。
He coughed occasionally, but he has never experienced pain in the thorax, fever, or loss of weight.
Ex2:最近6个月，他的咳嗽一直带有轻微咯血。
For the last 6 months, he has been coughing with slight hemoptysis.
※痰
-种类 thin, thick, fetid, serous, frothy, tenacious, viscous, mucous( mucoid), mucopurulent, transparent, seropurulent, rusty
-中等量（多量、大量）带有灰白色痰的咳嗽 moderate amounts ( a great deal, large quantities) of grayish-white sputum
-痰涌上咽喉，有酸味 phlegm wells up in the throat and tastes sour
-痰堵住嗓子了 phlegm blocked the windpipe
-半杯黄色痰 one half cup of yellowish sputum
-吐脓性，偶而带血的痰 produce purulent, occasionally blood-tinged sputum
-开始有点咳嗽，并且有约3公撮的血痰 began to have some cough and produced about 3 ml. of bloody sputum.
-一点也咳不出痰 do not raise any phlegm at all
-咳痰停止了 expectoration ceased
Ex1:他开始有少量带血丝的痰。
He began to expectorate small amounts of blood-streaked sputum.
Ex2:他的咳嗽已经不像以前那样厉害，痰里也不再有血斑了。
His cough was not so severe as it had been and sputum was no longer flecked with blood.
十四、胃肠 Stomach & Bowels
（1）当空腹时，他感觉胃里不舒服。
He has a certain disagreeable felling in the stomach when it is empty.
※胃
-胃不调 upset stomach
-消化不良 have bad (impaired: defective) digestion; suffer from indigestion (
dyspepsia)
-胃有毛病 have a disordered stomach ( stomach disorder); something is wrong with one’s stomach.
-因过食而伤胃 injure one＇s stomach by overeating oneself
-觉食物积滞胃中 feel heavy on the stomach
-食物不易消化lie (sit) heavy on one’s stomach
Ex1:自从那时起，消化便已失常。
Thereafter, the digestion was not really good.
（2）曾有过一时性的恶心和呕吐，但并没有食欲不振或体重减少发生。
Transient nausea and vomiting was present, but no anorexia or weight loss occurred.
※恶心
-欲呕 feel nauseated
-有晨吐 have morning sickness
-夜吐（饭后恶心） nocturnal (postprandial) nausea
-晕船（车） be sea- (car-) sick
-有点恶心 have (experience) some nausea
-严重的作呕 have considerable retching
-里急后重时发生恶心和呕吐 have a spell of N & V while straining at stool
-患食欲不振和恶心 be anorexic and nauseated
-偶而恶心和呕吐 develop occasional nausea and vomiting
-老是溢酸，感觉腹胀 burp all the time, feel bloated
-吐出清净透明的胃容物 with vomiting of clear gastric contents
-呕吐停了，消失了vomiting stopped (ceased), cleared
-止吐 settle the stomach
-打噎 belch (eruct; eructate)
Ex1:这病人恶心，曾呕吐了含有胆汁液体数次。
The patient developed nausea and vomited bile-stained fluid on several occasions.
Ex2:当要呕吐时，他发觉有严重的腹上部痛和剧烈的头痛。
With the advent of vomiting, he noted severe epigastric pain as well as severe
headache.
（3）在第2天中午，她开始呕吐，随后呕吐胆汁质物。
At noon on the following day she stared vomiting food, which was followed by bile-
stained material.
※呕吐
-在病发时呕吐2次 vomit twice at the onset
-极度反胃 regurgitate food violently
Ex1:一小时后，他吐出不含血液的水质样东西。
One hour later, he vomited watery material containing no blood.
Ex2:有时这病人在发作最厉害时，呕吐1、2次。
Sometimes the patient vomited once or twice at the height of the attack.
※呕吐物
Ex1:昨天早晨的呕吐物，被形容为含有未消化的食物和绿水，无血。
The vomitus of yesterday morning was described as containing indigested food and
greenish water with no evidence of blood.
Ex2:最初的呕吐物是透明的，但据说住院治疗之前的呕吐物，带有褐色。
The vomitus was initially clear but just before hospitalization was said to brownish.
（4）他开始有多次、带泡沫和臭味的大便。
He began to have frequent, frothy, foul-smelling stools.
※大便
-解大便 open (relax; evacuate) the bowel; have a passage
-有便意 have a call of nature
-有1次（2次）大便 have a motion (two motions)
-没有大便 be constipated
-平均每天大便12次 averaged 12 stools daily
-发觉粪便中有很多血 noticed gross blood in one＇s stools
-开始一天解8次松的多脂粪便 began to pass 8 loose greasy stools per day
-大便增加到一天4~5次 stools increased in number to 4 or 5 daily
-更换尿布时有些粪便 have some stool in each diaper change
Ex1:大便次数减少了，但他仍然每天继续有2~3次大量的稀大便。
The stools became fewer in number but he still continued to have 2~3 large loose
stools daily.
Ex2:住院前2个月，她发觉黑色大便，但却把它忽略过去了。
Two months before admission she had noticed black stools but she disregarded them.
※大便检查
-种类 ordinary, dry, hard, loose(soft), large, watery(liquid), formed, formless, frothy, mucous, bloody, rice-water, pea-soup, tarry
-臭味 odorless, extremely foul, sour, putrid, less offensive in odor, offensive but no excessively foul
-颜色 black, tarry, brownish-black, brown, red, green, yellow, light-brown, grey-
white (clay-colored)
Ex1:大便的粗细和硬度正常，且从未呈黑色。
The stools were of normal caliber and consistency and have never been black.
Ex2:大便颜色很淡，并且软如泥。
Stools were very light in color and of mushy consistence.
（5）他诉说间歇性腹泻与便秘交替发生。
He complained of intermittent diarrhea alternating with constipation.
※便秘
-便秘 suffer from constipation
-惯性便秘 habitual constipation
-时常便秘 be always constipated
-有便秘倾向 have a tendency to be constipated
-只有灌肠才能缓和严重的便秘 one＇s severe constipation was relieved only by
enemas
Ex1:便秘很难治，他以前常乞灵于泻药。
The constipation was very obstinate (stubborn) and he resorted to the frequent use of cathartics.
Ex2:她的便秘逐渐严重起来，同时发觉到粪便直径变细。
She became progressively more constipated and noted a narrowing in the caliber of
the stools.
※腹泻
-晨泻，水泻，粘液性腹泻，慢性腹泻 diarrhea (morning, watery, mucous, dysenteric, chronic)
-腹泻 diarrhea (轻症 mild,拖延的 protracted, 无法控制的 uncontrolled, 难医的
intractable)
-患腹泻 suffer from diarrhea; have ( an attack of ) diarrhea; have loose bowels
-短期的腹泻发生了 a brief episode of diarrhea occurred
-开始泻腹(自然消失，于两天后消失) diarrhea commenced ( spontaneously
disappeared, cleared after 2 days)
-偶而泻肚子 have occasional diarrhea
-腹泻厉害，在3~7次之间 diarrhea varied in severity from 3 to 7 B.M.
-不得不服药 be obliged to take physics
-腹泻未因吃脱脂牛奶而转佳 received skim milk without any improvement in the
diarrhea
-用泻药 use a purgative
Ex1:他患腹泻，每天有8~10次带有粘液，脓和鲜红色血的大便。
He developed diarrhea with the daily passage of 8~10 stools containing mucous, pus, and bright red blood.
Ex2:以前他患过同样的腹泻，但从来没有这么严重过。
He previously had similar attacks of diarrhea but they were never so severe.
exercise 5
1.几个星期来，他感觉稍微工作即疲倦。
2.他容易疲倦，不能工作。
3.他头痛，微感不适。
4.昨天晚上他发高烧。
5.昨天他的体温伴随寒战，升到摄氏40度2分。
6.今天早上，他的体温降到摄氏36.8度。
7.住院前的体温，总是在36.8到40度之间。
8.4天来，他发热总在摄氏38度4分左右。
9.他的热度，老是不退。
10.他头痛发热。
exercise 5
1.几个星期来，他感觉稍微工作即疲倦。
2.他容易疲倦，不能工作。
3.他头痛，微感不适。
4.昨天晚上他发高烧。
5.昨天他的体温伴随寒战，升到摄氏40度2分。
6.今天早上，他的体温降到摄氏36.8度。
7.住院前的体温，总是在36.8到40度之间。
8.4天来，他发热总在摄氏38度4分左右。
9.他的热度，老是不退。
10.他头痛发热。
1.
a)He feels tired (fatigued) after slight exertion for many weeks.
b)Even a trifling work would make him weary during these last weeks.
c)He becomes tired on slight exertion for these weeks.
2.
a)He is easily fatigued. Consequently, he is unable to work.
b)He is extremely fatiguable at all times and therefore can do nothing.
c)He is troubled by easy fatiguability, and as a result of this he cannot perform any work.
3.
a)He feels heavy in his head and slight discomfort.
b)He has a headache and is rather indisposed (out of sorts).
c)He is troubled by a headache associated with slight indisposition.
4.
a)He had a high-grade fever last night.
b)He had an attack of high fever last night.
c)He was sick( ill) with high fever last night.
5.
a)The fever, together with shaking chills, rose (went) up to 40.2°C yesterday.
b)There was an elevation of fever to 40.2°C with shaking chills yesterday.
c)Yesterday, the fever increased ( was elevated) to 40.2°C with shaking chills.
d)Yesterday his body temperature accompanied with a chill reached 40.2°C.
6.
a)This morning his fever fell ( dropped; decreased; subsided; abated) to 36.8°C.
b)There was decrease in his fever to 36.8°C this morning.
7.
a)The temperature P.T.A. had been in the range of 38.6° to 40°C.
b)The temperature P.T.A had ranged ( varied; fluctuated; run) from 38.6° to 40°C.
c)P.T.A., he had had a range in temperature from 38.6° to 40°C.
8.
a)He has continued to have a temp. of 38.4°C for 4 days.
b)He has had a steady temp. of 38.4°C for 4 days.
c)He has been ill with a temp. of 38.4°C for 4 days.
9.
a)His fever has never fallen.
b)His fever has remained unchanged.
c)His fever has been steady ( constant).
d)He has continued to have a spiking (persistent) fever.
10.
a)He suffered from headache and fever.
b)He had headache associated (together) with fever.
c)He was troubled by headache and fever.
十五、排尿 Urination,生殖器 Genitalia
（1）他诉说，在两侧鼠蹊部和睾丸有拉痛，且有夜尿，小便时有灼热感，间或放红色的尿。
He complained of a drawing pain in both groins and testicles, nocturia, burning on
urination and the intermittent voiding of red-colored urine.
※尿
-种类 colorless, clear, transparent, translucent( semitransparent), opaque, milky(
opalescent) cloudy( turbid), orange, greenish, dirty blue, green, yellow( amber;
straw), red, bright red, brown yellow, dark-brown, brown-dark, light brown, pale
yellow, faint pale, clay-colored, patty-colored
-排便 micturate; make( pass) water; void; piss
-一夜有2次小便 have nocturia twice nightly ( a night)
-这次住院时解出一个结石 pass a stone on this admission
-小便浑浊 one＇s urine is thick( colored)
-解出极浑浊，乳白色的尿 the passage of highly turbid, milky urine
-频尿 frequent urination( micturition)
-无法忍受的频尿 intolerable frequency of urination
-终末性血尿 terminal hematuria
-终末尿带有几滴血 urine terminates with a few drops of blood
-排尿痛 micturition pain
-解尿时左腰疼痛 have pain in the left loin on micturition
-小便流势良好 void with a good stream
-尿流细小 small urinary stream
-常解少量的尿 pass small amounts of urine frequently
-小便发生困难 dysuria( inability to void) developed
-小便时非常的痛 piss pins and needles
-变成失禁 become incontinent
-患便尿失禁 develop urinary and fecal incontinence
-把尿失禁完全治好 obtain complete cure of incontinence
-不能把尿尽行解出 be unable to void without residual urine
Ex1:小便时有强烈的烧灼感，当他工作时受到很大的困扰。
His voiding was accompanied by severe burning, and he was greatly inconvenienced
at work.
Ex2:他尿意频频，但每次仅出2、3滴。
He has a frequent desire to urinate, but only a few drops cone out each time.
（2）性欲减退，但仍能射精。
There was a decrease in libido but ejaculation was still present.
※性欲
-发觉性欲减退 note decreased libido
-发觉性欲渐减 note gradual loss of libido
-性欲有些减退 have some decrease in libido
-没有性欲 have no libido
-性冷感 be frigid( unaffectionate) sexually
-性欲正常 libido is normal
-性要求过高(太低) be oversexed( undersexed)
-对于性交无热诚 be unenthusiastic about intercourse
-性感不快已有几个月了 had dyspareunia for a few months
-不起劲的性关系 devitalized sexual relationship
-25至35岁夫妻的正常次数 normal frequency of intercourse for married couples of 25 to 35
-未曾达到高潮 never achieve( reach) climax
-在结婚头一年时常不容易达到极致 frequently have difficulty in reaching orgasm
in one＇s marital coitus in the first year of marriage
-未曾尝过情欲高潮的极致 have not experienced orgasm
-仅有过一次情欲高潮的极致 have only had an orgasm once
-享受每一动作 greatly enjoy every act of sexual intercourse
-节欲 be continent
Ex1:仍能射精，但阴茎勃起力却减退了。
Ejaculation was possible but penile erectile strength decreased.
Ex2:后来月经停止了，而她对于「性」冷淡了起来。
Later, menstruation ceased and she became sexually aopathetic.
※生殖器
-阴蒂边发痒、有刺激感 itching and irritation around the clitoris
-婚前的纵欲 premarital sexual indulgence
-婚前有过性关系 engaged in premarital sexual relationship
-接交过性病病人 venereally exposed; venereal exposure
-染淋疾，患梅毒 contract gono., get syphilis
-否认与性病有染 deny V.D. contact
-不能人道 inability to perform sexual intercourse
-交媾疼痛 painful coitus( coition)
-突然变成阳萎 suddenly became impotent
Ex1:一星期以前，他发觉在右鼠蹊部，发生无压痛的肿胀，时起时消。
He noticed a nontender swelling appearing on and off in his right groin one week ago.
Ex2:这病人诉说阴茎和足底发痒，并且齿龈有不舒服感。
The patient complained of pruritus of the penis and itching in the soles of the feet,
and an annoying sensation in the gingiva.
（3）月经于13岁开始，一直到发生月经过多症以前，经期正常。
Menarche occurred at 13 years of age and the menstrual cycle remained within
normal limits until the onset of menorrhagia.
※月经
-月经开始（少量、中等、厚、多） (mild, moderate, frank, heavy) menses begin (start; commence; take place)
-经期正常28~30日一次 have normal period at 28-to 30-day intervals
-月经规则，周期为28天，继续4天 have regular period every 28 days that lasted 4 days
-月经周期为28天 have menstrual cycles of 28 days
-月经开始不规则，并且长期无月经 began to have menstrual irregularities with
long period of amenorrhea
-月经未曾失常 have no previous menstrual aberrations
-周期变成不定 interval became variable
-比平常多 heavier than usual
-发觉到月经持续不断并且过多 noted persistent excessive menstrual flow
-月经不来 menses did not occur
-停经已4年 be 4 years postmenopausal
-在46岁时停经 passed( underwent; went through) the menopause at age 46
-多量(块状，厚多)阴道出血加多，有几个月之久 increasingly profuse (massive,
frank) vaginal bleeding of several months duration.
-月经过多，并且流出血块 experience( develop) menorrhagia with passage of clots
-有些轻微、无痛性阴道出血 some slight painless vaginal bleeding
-发觉经期外和性交后出血 noted intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding
-分泌少量厚汁物质 drained a small amount of purulent material
-间歇性的剧烈下腹痛 intermittent, sharp, lower abdominal pains
Ex1:她于13岁开始有正常的月经，周期为28~32天，有轻度的月经痛。
She began to menstruate regularly at 13 at intervals of 28~32 days with slight
dysmenorrheal.
Ex2:月经痛性而不规则，大约一个月发生2次。
The menstrual periods were painful and irregular, occurring approximately twice
monthly.
exercise 6
1.他胃口良好，什么都吃。
2.他的食量正常，一餐吃两碗饭。
3.他的食欲不如以前好。
4.他胃口不好，不想吃东西。
5.他的食欲渐减。
6.他2天来没吃东西。
7.近来他感觉非常口渴，夜里必须起来喝几次水。
8.他因身体过重，开始减食。
exercise 6
1.他胃口良好，什么都吃。
2.他的食量正常，一餐吃两碗饭。
3.他的食欲不如以前好。
4.他胃口不好，不想吃东西。
5.他的食欲渐减。
6.他2天来没吃东西。
7.近来他感觉非常口渴，夜里必须起来喝几次水。
8.他因身体过重，开始减食。
1.
a)He has a good appetite and eats all kinds of food.
b)His appetite is perfect and he likes all varieties of food.
c)He has a strong stomach and accordingly eats anything.
2.
a)He has a normal consumption( capacity) for eating and takes 2 bowls of rice each meal.
b)The food intake is normal and he takes 2 bowls of rice at one meal.
3.
a)His appetite is not as good as it used to be.
b)His appetite proves no better than before.
c)His appetite appears to be poorer than before.
4.
a)He dose not care a bit for food due to loss of appetite.
b)He has a poor appetite and he is not interested in food.
c)He suffers from anorexia and has no desire for food.
d)He has no stomach for food, so he does not feel like eating.
5.
a)His appetite decreased( diminished; was reduced) gradually.
b)A gradual failure of his appetite was noted.
c)His desire for food declined gradually.
6.
a)He has not had( touched) a bite of food for 2 days.
b)He has eaten nothing for the last(past) 2 days.
c)For 2 days nothing has entered his mouth.
7.
a)Recently he has felt very( extremely) thirsty and he has had to get up in the night several times to refresh himself with water.
b)Lately he has parched with extreme( excessive) thirst and even at night he has had to get up several times for water in order to alleviate his thirst.
c)Of late he has had colossal thirst, and he has been getting several times at night to quench his thirst by drinking water.
8.
a)Due to obesity he began to fast( follow a strict diet).
b)On account of overweight, he made it a rule not to eat too much( overeat).
c)He used great moderation in his diet on account of excessive weight.
十六、其它 Miscellaneous
（1）拔牙后，他流了10天的血。
He bled for 10 days following the extraction of a tooth.
※出血
-流鼻血 one＇s nose bleeds; expistaxis; nosebleed
-流很多血 bleed freely ( profusely; badly; heavily; massively; generously) ; blood flows profusely
-子宫(阴道、牙龈)出血 uterine( vaginal, gingival) bleeding
-大量的搏动性出血 copious pulsating bleeding
-一星期来舌头出血 have bleeding from one＇s tongue for the past week
-过去无出血倾向的病历 no history of bleeding tendency in the past
-继续出血 bleed continuously
-停止出血了 the bleeding ceased( stopped)
-止血 staunch the flow of blood; stop ( arrest; suppress) the bleeding
Ex1:他不断地流血，同时全身状态也恶化了。
He continued to bleed, and his general condition deteriorated.
Ex2:齿龈很容易出血，以致不能再用牙刷刷牙了。
The gum bled so easily that brushing her teeth with a toothbrush was no longer possible.
（2）左下眼睑浮肿，他不能张开病侧眼睛。
The left lower( inferior) eyelid is edematous and he is unable to open his eye on this side.
※眼
-左上眼睑显着下垂 the left upper eyelid dropped perceptibly
-眉毛向内生，倒睫 have got an introverted( ingrown) eyelash
-在上眼睑生了麦粒肿 have got a sty on the upper eyelid
-眼痛 pain in the eyes
-在左眼内有异物 have foreign body in the left eye
-过度流泪 excessive tearing (watering); profuse lacrimation
-眼脂增加 (粘脓性的，线状的，白色泡沫状的) increased discharge( mucopurulent, stringy, whitish foamy)
-眼睛疲劳 fatigued vision
-远(近)处看不清楚 indistinct( obscured) distant( near) vision
-视力减退 diminution of vision
-视力一性发生馍糊 transient blurring of vision occurred
-患了短期的视力馍糊 experienced a short period of blurred vision.
-左眼失明(渐进的，突发的，一时性的) loss of vision in the left eye (gradual, sudden, momentary)
-视界减小 decreased visual field in the slight
Ex1:四星期前，他的视力间或馍糊，最近2个星期来，视力比以前变得更坏。
Four weeks previously he had intermittent hazy vision, but in the last 2 weeks the vision has become progressively worse.
Ex2:他发觉左眼视力有毛病。
He noted that his vision was defective on the left side.
（3）他有轻度耳鸣，并且听力稍减。
He had mild tinnitus, and slightly decreased auditory acuity.
※耳
-患耳鸣 have a ringing ( singing; buzzing) in one＇s ears; one＇s ears ring; ringing in the ears
-偶发轻微的搏动性耳鸣 occasional mild pulsating tinnitus
-躺下时在右耳有嗡嗡声的感觉 a buzzing sensation in the right ear when lying down
-听力不佳 impaired( decreased) hearing
-听力开始衰退 one＇s hearing began to regress
-听觉困难 difficulty in hearing
-听力消失loss in hearing
-长期耳聋 long-standing deafness
-一个耳朵是聋的 be deaf of (in) one ear
-患有2年轻微流脓 have slight otorrhea of 2 years＇ duration
-耳漏停止了 aural discharge ceased
-耳痛 otalgia; ear-ache
-中耳炎 otitis media; tympanitis
-耳朵很痛 have a great deal of pain in the ear
-耳塞感 feeling of fullness in the ear
Ex1:这病人很聋；要在她床边大声叫才能听到，而且唇读法也困难。
The patient was very deaf; she could only hear a loud shout at the bedside and utilize lipreading with difficulty.
Ex2:听力一直减退，而且耳鸣变成一种经常不断的，各种音调的感觉。
The hearing loss progressed and the tinnitus became a persistent sensation of varying pitch.
（4）1956年，在她14岁时，在右颌下部发现胡桃大的肿块。
In 1956 at the age of 14, she first noticed a lump of the size of a walnut in the right submaxillary region.
※肿块等
-在上星期肿块大了起来 mass was growing larger during last week
-肿块大小未变 the sizes remained stationary
-在颈部右侧发觉一个小肿块 noted a small growing on the right side of one＇s neck
-断续的发生紫绀 have intermittent attacks of cyanosis
-没有遭受裂伤、擦伤 sustained no lacerations, abrasions
-两手裂着缝 one＇s hands are chapped
-不能用鼻孔呼吸 be unable to breathe through the nose
-鼻塞与鼻涕停止了 nasal obstruction and discharge ceased
-流涎厉害 have intense salvation
-颈部运动发生困难 develop difficulty in moving one＇s neck
-不能开口 inability to open the mouth
-把口张开到最大限度并无困难 have no difficulty in opening one＇s mouth to its full extent
Ex1:口内大乾，以致病人咀嚼和吞下食物，都有困难。
The mouth is so dry that it is difficulty for the patient to masticate and swallow food.
Ex2:他患了极广泛而严重的湿疹，遍及大部份躯干、面部和头皮，并且有显着的瘙痒症。
He suffered from a very extensive and severe eczema involving most of the body, face, and scalp, associate with marked pruritus.
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exercise 7
1.他容易睡，也容易醒过来。
2.他很想睡，但不能睡熟。
3.不能入睡时，他总是吃镇静药。
4.他非服安眠药，不能成眠。
5.两天来，他一直睡不着。
6.神经衰弱使他通宵未眠。
7.他老是抑郁。
8.他容易发脾气。
9.他因失恋，而神经错乱。
10.他记性不好。
11.气候转变时，他的关节会痛。
12.半年来，他的左腿无知觉。
exercise 7
1.他容易睡，也容易醒过来。
2.他很想睡，但不能睡熟。
3.不能入睡时，他总是吃镇静药。
4.他非服安眠药，不能成眠。
5.两天来，他一直睡不着。
6.神经衰弱使他通宵未眠。
7.他老是抑郁。
8.他容易发脾气。
9.他因失恋，而神经错乱。
10.他记性不好。
11.气候转变时，他的关节会痛。
12.半年来，他的左腿无知觉。
1.
a)He goes to sleep easily and has no difficulty in waking up.
b)He falls into sleep easily and is also easily awakened.
c)He falls asleep easily as much as he is awakened easily.
2.
a)Tough his eyes are heavy, he cannot sleep well(soundly).
b)He feels sleepy but cannot get into a perfect sleep.
c)He is extremely drowsy but cannot go to deep(sound) sleep.
3.
a)When he has much trouble to get to sleep, he takes sedatives.
b)When he is unable to sleep he takes sedatives.
c)He takes sedatives when he cannot fall asleep.
4.
a)He cannot sleep without the aid of sleeping pill.
b)He has to take sleeping pill before going to bed.
c)He has to take sleeping pill in order to get a good sleep.
5.
a)He has suffered from insomnia(sleeplessness) for consecutive 2 nights.
b)He has been unable to sleep for 2 nights.
c)He has never felt like going to sleep for two nights.
6.
a)He could not sleep at all on account of nervous breakdown.
b)He could not get a wink of sleep due to nervous breakdown.
c)Suffering from nervous breakdown, he scarcely slept at all.
7.
a)He is always depressed( in low spirits).
b)He always has the blues.
c)He appears to be low-spirited always.
8.
a)He is apt to lose his temper( become angry).
b)He gets angry easily.
c)He is easily offended( irritated; excited).
9.
a)He suffered from nervous breakdown because of his unsuccessful love.
b)He was beside himself with agonies of broken heart.
c)A failure in love caused him to be mentally deranged.
10.
a)He has a poor( bad; short) memory.
b)His memory is poor.
c)He is forgetful.
11.
a)He will suffer from joint pain( arthralgia) when there is a change of weather.
b)He feels a pain in the joint whenever the weather changes.
c)His joint pain will appear at the change of weather.
12.
a)He feels numb in his left leg for a half-year.
b)His left leg has been paralyzed for a half-year.
c)For half a year there has been a lack of sensation in his left leg.
